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Figure 2 | Arthritis Res Ther

Figure 2

From: Multiple functions for CD28 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 during different phases of T cell responses: implications for arthritis and autoimmune diseases

Figure 2

Multiple-function model for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4). The traditional view of the function of CTLA-4 is that it is upregulated upon stimulation of the T cells and attenuates the response (top). The newly proposed model puts together new insights into CTLA-4 functions (bottom). (1) During suboptimal T cell activation, CTLA-4 sets the threshold for activation. (2) Already activated T cells are inhibited in their proliferation by CTLA-4. (3) CTLA-4 signalling enhances PI-3K function, triggering cell-autonomous survival signals in already activated T cells. Surviving cells at the end of an immune response could be prone to differentiation into memory cells.

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Arthritis Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1478-6362

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