Figure 2

Production of interleukin (IL)-17 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). (a) Production of IL-17 by cytokine induction. PBMC from patients with RA were stimulated for 24 hours with IL-15 (10 ng/ml), IL-1β (10 ng/ml), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; 10 ng/ml), IL-18 (10 ng/ml) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β; 10 ng/ml). Levels of IL-17 were measured in culture supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Each value represents the mean and SEM of three independent experiments. (b) Production of IL-17 by chemokine induction. PBMC were cultured in the presence of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1; 10 ng/ml), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α; 10 ng/ml), MIP-1β (10 ng/ml), IL-6 (10 ng/ml) and IL-8 (10 ng/ml). *, P < 0.05.