Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis

Table 2 Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis patients and control individuals

Marker	Controls	Patients	Unadjusted	P (multivariable adjusted)
				Model 1^a	Model 2^b	Model 3^c	Model 4^d
VCAM-1 (pg/ml)	506 (253–1067)	747 (391–2077)	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.08
ICAM-1 (pg/ml)	231 (82–857)	366 (135–993)	<0.0001	0.0002	<0.0001	0.0005	0.08
ELAM-1 (pg/ml)	48 (7–178)	58 (12–149)	<0.0001	0.02	0.02	0.7	0.08

Results are expressed as median (range). Unadjusted comparisons were done using the Mann–Whitney U-test and adjustments for potentially explanatory variables were made using logistic regression models. ^aAdjusted for disease-modifying antirheumatic drug and prednisone use. ^bAdjusted for traditional risk factors (age; sex; race; smoking, alcohol and exercising status; diabetes; waist; systolic blood pressure; total cholesterol; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; triglycerides). ^cAdjusted for nontraditional risk factors (high sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin IL-1, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α). ^dAdjusted for traditional and nontraditional risk factors. ELAM, endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; VCAM, vascular adhesion molecule.

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