Figure 1
From: Molecular mechanisms of autoimmunity triggered by microbial infection
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling. TLRs recognize pathogen-associated molecules through homophilic or heterophilic interactions. Nucleic-acid-specific TLRs localize in intracellular endosomes. Specificity of TLR signalling is provided by a group of cytosolic adaptor molecules redistributing to the intracellular Toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain upon activation. CD14, cluster of differentation (Cd) 14 antigen, a surface protein preferentially expressed on monocytes/macrophages that binds to LPS-binding protein; CpG, unmethylated cytosine-guanosine; ds, double stranded; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MD-2, myeloid differentiation protein-2; MyD88, myeloid differentiation (primary-response) factor 88; ss, single stranded; TIRAP, TIR-domain-containing adaptor protein; TRAM, TRIF-related adaptor molecule; TRIF, TIR domain-containing adaptor protein-inducing-interferon beta; UPEC, uropathogenic Escherichia coli.