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Figure 5 | Arthritis Research & Therapy

Figure 5

From: The S100A8/A9 heterodimer amplifies proinflammatory cytokine production by macrophages via activation of nuclear factor kappa B and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in rheumatoid arthritis

Figure 5

Induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production by in vitro-differentiated macrophages after S100A8/A9 stimulation. Monocytes (1 × 106 cells per ml in culture medium with 10% fetal calf serum) were incubated for 7 days with or without 10 ng/ml granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or 1 ng/ml interferon gamma (IFN-γ). The in vitro-differentiated macrophages were then stimulated for 24 hours with 2 μM S100A8/A9 in the presence of polymyxin B (100 μg/ml). Culture supernatants were measured for TNF-α concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Values are the mean ± standard error of the mean. n, number of samples tested.

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