Table 2 Anti-inflammatory medications

Corticosteroids

Prednisone

C

Oral clefts increased risk (two- to three-fold). Intrauterine growth restriction (dose related)

Based on available data, teratogenic risk for corticosteroids is minimal

Cortisone

D

All others

C

NSAIDs

Celecoxib

C

Ibuprofen associated with increased risk (two- to three-fold) for gastroschisis. NSAIDs associated with increased risk for spontaneous abortion; possible increased risk for cardiac defects; premature closure of the ductus arteriosus with third trimester use

Significant risk for premature closure of the ductus arteriosus and other complications when exposure occurs in late pregnancy; minimal or undetermined risk for structural defects following first trimester exposure

Diclofenac

C

Ketorolac

C

Prixicam

C

All others

B

All NSAIDs in third trimester

D