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Table 2 Proposed mechanisms of antiproliferative and immunomodulatory effects of MSCs

From: Immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells: a review based on an interdisciplinary meeting held at the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, London, UK, 31 October 2005

Mechanism

Model

Reference (year)

Soluble factors: TGF-β, HGF. Reversible

Human in vitro. MLRs, DCs and mitogen-stimulated T cells (CD4 and CD8)

[34] (2002)

IDO

Human in vitro. MLRs

[37] (2004)

Classical anergy (IL-2 reversible)

Murine in vitro. Antigen (MOG) and mitogen (ConA) stimulated T cells

[58] (2005)

Increased PGE2

Human in vitro. Mitogen (PHA) stimulation

[28] (2005)

G1 cell cycle arrest (irreversible)

Murine in vitro. Cognate antigenic peptide primed stimulator lymphocytes

[2] (2005)

Apoptosis of activated but not resting T cells. IDO mediated

Human in vitro. MLRs

[75] (2005)

Nitric oxide reduction of STAT5 phosphorylation in lymphocytes

Murine in vitro

[76] (2006)

  1. DC, dendritic cell; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IDO, indoleamine 2', 3'-dioxygenase; IL, interleukin; MLR, mixed lymphocyte reaction; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell (multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell); PG, prostaglandin; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; TGF, transforming growth factor.