Table 2 Some antiangiogenic and proangiogenic mediators in systemic sclerosis
Type of mediator | Molecule |
|---|---|
Antiangiogenic | Endostatin (normal in some studies) |
| Â | Platelet factor (PF)4 |
| Â | Thrombospondin |
| Â | Interleukin (IL)-4 |
Proangiogenic | Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM)-1 |
| Â | Soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin; normal in some studies) |
| Â | E-selectin |
| Â | Soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) |
| Â | P-selectin |
| Â | Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1/ICAM-1 |
| Â | CD44 |
| Â | Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) |
| Â | Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs; VEGFR1 and VEGFR2) |
| Â | IL-8 |
| Â | Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1/CC chemokine ligand (CCL)2 and CCR2 (receptor for MCP-1) |
|  | Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α/CCL3 |
| Â | Fractalkine/CX3 chemokine ligand (CX3CL)1 and CX3 chemokine receptor (CX3CR)1 (receptor for fractalkine) |
|  | β-Thromboglobulin |
|  | Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α |
| Â | Endothelin (ET)-1 |