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Table 2 NSAIDs and concurrent medication in use at the time of the gastrointestinal event

From: Proton-pump inhibitors are associated with a reduced risk for bleeding and perforated gastroduodenal ulcers attributable to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a nested case-control study

Medication

Cases (n = 104)

Controls (n = 284)

OR

95% CI

p

Non-selective NSAIDs

     

   Indometacin

3 (2.9)

4 (1.4)

2.08

0.46–9.45

0.39

   Naproxen

10 (9.6)

14 (4.9)

2.05

0.88–4.78

0.09

   Diclofenac

44 (42.3)

108 (38.0)

1.20

0.76–1.89

0.44

   Diclofenac–misoprostol

8 (7.7)

19 (6.7)

1.16

0.49–2.74

0.73

   Other NSAIDs

3 (2.9)

8 (2.8)

1.03

0.27–3.94

1.00

   Ibuprofen

16 (15.4)

69 (24.3)

0.57

0.31–1.03

0.06

   High-dose aspirin (>100 mg/day)

2 (1.9)

0 (0.0)

-

-

0.07

Selective NSAIDs

     

   Rofecoxib

16 (15.4)

42 (14.8)

1.05

0.56–1.96

0.88

   Celecoxib

1 (1.0)

8 (2.8)

0.34

0.04–2.71

0.46

   Meloxicam

1 (1.0)

12 (4.2)

0.22

0.03–1.71

0.20

Gastroprotective drugs

     

   Proton-pump inhibitors

14 (13.5)

77 (27.1)

0.42

0.23–0.78

0.005

   H2RAs

4 (3.8)

9 (3.2)

1.22

0.37–4.06

0.74

   Misoprostol

8 (7.7)

20 (7.0)

1.10

0.47–2.58

0.83

Additional risk factors

     

   High-dose NSAID

11 (10.6)

17 (6.0)

1.86

0.84–4.11

0.12

   More than one NSAID

12 (11.5)

54 (19.0)

0.56

0.28–1.09

0.08

   Low-dose aspirin (≤ 100 mg/day)

32 (30.8)

69 (24.3)

1.39

0.84–2.28

0.20

   Clopidogrel/dipyridamole

5 (4.8)

9 (3.2)

1.54

0.51–4.72

0.54

   Coumarin

14 (13.5)

19 (6.7)

2.17

1.05–4.51

0.04

   Low-molecular-mass heparin

13 (12.5)

2 (0.7)

20.14

4.46–90.94

<0.001

   SSRIs

6 (5.8)

9 (3.2)

1.87

0.65–5.39

0.24

   Corticosteroids

14 (13.5)

32 (11.3)

1.23

0.63–2.40

0.55

Analgesics

     

   Acetaminophen

45 (43.3)

54 (19.0)

3.25

1.99–5.29

<0.001

   Tramadol

12 (11.5)

6 (2.1)

6.04

2.21–16.56

<0.001

   Morphine

6 (5.8)

2 (0.7)

8.63

1.71–43.48

0.006

Cardiovascular drugs

     

   Diuretics

34 (32.7)

57 (20.1)

1.93

1.17–3.20

0.009

   ACE inhibitors

24 (23.1)

32 (11.3)

2.36

1.32–4.25

0.003

   Digoxin

8 (7.8)

11 (3.9)

2.09

0.82–5.35

0.12

   Beta-blockers

22 (21.2)

64 (22.5)

0.92

0.53–1.59

0.77

   Nitrates

8 (7.7)

26 (9.2)

0.83

0.36–1.89

0.65

   Calcium-channel blockers

10 (9.6)

35 (12.3)

0.76

0.36–1.59

0.46

   Lipid-lowering drugs

9 (8.7)

38 (13.4)

0.61

0.29–1.32

0.21

Oral glucose-lowering drugs

12 (11.5)

15 (5.3)

2.34

1.06–5.18

0.03

Benzodiazepines

34 (32.7)

65 (22.9)

1.64

0.99–2.68

0.05

Inhalator therapy

22 (21.2)

56 (19.7)

1.09

0.63–1.90

0.76

DMARDs

14 (13.5)

20 (7.0)

2.05

0.99–4.23

0.05

  1. Scores are number of patients (percentage). NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; OR, unadjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; H2RAs, histamine-2 receptor antagonists; SSRIs, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; DMARDs, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. High-dose NSAID is more than the daily defined dose.
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Arthritis Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1478-6362

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