Effect of antioxidants on knee cartilage and bone in healthy, middle-aged subjects: a cross-sectional study

Table 3 Relationship between carotenoid intake and knee structures

	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	Regression coefficient (odds ratio (95% confidence interval))	P value	Regression coefficient (odds ratio (95% confidence interval))	P value
α-Carotene
Cartilage volume^a	-65.6 (-194.8 to 63.6)	0.32	-1.3 (-77.0 to 74.4)	0.97
Cartilage defects^b	1.02 (0.81–1.30)	0.84	1.01 (0.79–1.30)	0.91
Bone area^c	-32.8 (-87.6 to 22.0)	0.24	-3.8 (-33.1 to 25.4)	0.80
Bone marrow lesions^d	1.15 (0.83–1.58)	0.40	1.13 (0.80–1.61)	0.48
β-Carotene
Cartilage volume	-43.3 (-172.9 to 86.3)	0.51	2.5 (-75.6 to 80.6)	0.95
Cartilage defects	0.97 (0.76–1.22)	0.77	0.95 (0.74–1.23)	0.72
Bone area	-26.3 (-81.3 to 28.6)	0.35	-12.5 (-42.7 to 17.6)	0.42
Bone marrow lesions	0.97 (0.68–1.36)	0.85	0.92 (0.62–1.34)	0.65
β-Cryptoxanthin
Cartilage volume	-27.2 (-155.9 to 101.5)	0.68	-32.5 (-108.1 to 43.1)	0.40
Cartilage defects	0.87 (0.69–1.10)	0.25	0.89 (0.70–1.14)	0.36
Bone area	-8.4 (-63.1 to 46.3)	0.76	-25.5 (-54.4 to 3.5)	0.09
Bone marrow lesions	0.64 (0.39–1.06)	0.08	0.64 (0.38–1.07)	0.09
Lutein and zeaxanthin
Cartilage volume	0.8 (-128.4 to 130.0)	0.99	-2.4 (-79.2 to 74.5)	0.95
Cartilage defects	0.83 (0.65–1.05)	0.13	0.83 (0.64–1.07)	0.14
Bone area	-5.8 (-60.7 to 49.0)	0.84	-4.3 (-34.0 to 25.5)	0.78
Bone marrow lesions	0.68 (0.44–1.06)	0.09	0.68 (0.43–1.08)	0.10
Lycopene
Cartilage volume	86.8 (-41.6 to 215.2)	0.19	-9.9 (-87.0 to 67.3)	0.80
Cartilage defects	0.98 (0.78–1.24)	0.89	1.04 (0.81–1.35)	0.75
Bone area	36.6 (-17.9 to 91.2)	0.19	-9.7 (-39.5 to 20.1)	0.52
Bone marrow lesions	0.75 (0.49–1.15)	0.19	0.78 (0.51–1.21)	0.27

^aChange in tibial cartilage volume (mm³) per standard-deviation increase in the respective carotenoid intake before and after adjusting for energy intake, age, gender, body mass index, and tibial plateau bone area.
^bOdds ratio of tibiofemoral cartilage defects being present per standard-deviation increase in the respective carotenoid intake before and after adjusting for energy intake, age, gender, body mass index, and tibial cartilage volume.
^cChange in tibial plateau bone area (mm²) per standard-deviation increase in the respective carotenoid intake before and after adjusting for energy intake, age, gender, and body mass index.
^dOdds ratio of tibiofemoral bone marrow lesions being present per standard-deviation increase in the respective carotenoid intake before and after adjusting for energy intake, age, gender, and body mass index.

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