Table 8 Basal and diurnal cortisol and fibromyalgia (FM)
From: Biology and therapy of fibromyalgia. Evidence-based biomarkers for fibromyalgia syndrome
Reference | Year of study | Number of FM patients | Number of control individuals | Measured (plasma) | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
McCain and Tilbe [60] | 1989 | 20 | 20 RA | Plasma cortisol | Normal peak, elevated trough, flattened diurnal compared to RA |
Crofford and colleagues [133] | 1994 | 7 | 7 | Plasma cortisol | Normal peak, elevated trough, flattened diurnal |
Crofford and colleagues [61] | 2004 | 13 | 12 FMS + CFS, 15 CFS | Plasma cortisol | Delay in rate of decline in FM, elevated cortisol in late period in FM, flattened diurnal, lower O/N cortisol in CFS |
Adler and colleagues [62] | 1999 | 15 | 13 | Plasma cortisol – total and free | Normal, normal diurnal |
Korszun and colleagues [134] | 1999 | 9 | 9 HC, 8 CFS | Plasma cortisol | Normal |
Malt and colleagues [135] | 2002 | 22 | 13 | Plasma cortisol | Normal |
Valkeinen and colleagues [136] | 2005 | 13 (60 years old) | 13 (59 years old) | Plasma cortisol | Normal |
Griep and colleagues [64] | 1993 | 10 | 10 | Plasma cortisol | Normal |
Gur and colleagues [137] | 2004 | 63 (<35 years old) | 38 (<35 years old) | Plasma cortisol | Reduced |
Gur and colleagues [63] | 2004 | 68 | 46 HC, 62 CFS | Plasma cortisol | Reduced in FM with high BDI scores (>17), not in those with low BDI. Reduced in CFS |
Griep and colleagues [66] | 1998 | 40 | 14 HC, 28 CLBP | Plasma cortisol | Reduced |
Lentjes and colleagues [138] | 1997 | 40 | 14 HC, 28 CLBP | Plasma cortisol – total and free | Reduced total cortisol in FM only, Normal free cortisol in FM, CLBP |
Riedel and colleagues [65] | 1998 | 16 | 17 | Plasma cortisol | Elevated |
Catley and colleagues [139] | 2000 | 21 | 22 HC, 18 RA | Salivary cortisol 6 times/day | Elevated, normal diurnal |
McClean and colleagues [140] | 2005 | 20 | 16 | Salivary cortisol 5 times/day | Normal, normal diurnal strong relationship between current pain symptoms and cortisol levels at waking and 1 hour after waking. No relationship between fatigue and stress |
Weissbecker and colleagues [141] | 2006 | 85 | n/a | Salivary cortisol 6 times/day | Flattened diurnal, greater cortisol responses to awakening in FM with history psychological, physical abuse |
Dedert and colleagues [142] | 2004 | 91 | n/a | Salivary cortisol 5 times/day | Flattened diurnal on those with low religiosity |
Sephton and colleagues [143] | 2003 | 50 | n/a | Salivary cortisol 5 times/day | Higher log-transformed mean salivary cortisols associated with better memory |
Adler and colleagues [62] | 1999 | 15 | 13 | 24-hour urinary cortisol | Normal |
Maes and colleagues [144] | 1998 | ? | PTSD, depression | 24-hour urinary cortisol | Normal |
Torpy and colleagues [145] | 2000 | 13 | 8 | 24-hour urinary cortisol | Normal (trend toward reduced) |
Crofford and colleagues [133] | 1994 | 12 | 10 | 24-hour urinary cortisol | Reduced (no difference between depressed and non depressed) |
Lentjes and colleagues [138] | 1997 | 40 | 14 HC, 28 CLBP | 24-hour urinary cortisol | Reduced in FM and CLBP |
Griep and colleagues [66] | 1998 | 40 | 14 HC, 28 CLBP | 24-hour urinary cortisol | Reduced |