Table 2 Cellular phenotypes of lupus probands, first-degree relatives and controls

Lymphocytes (× 10⁶/ml)

0.63 ± 0.31*** (<0.0001)

0.83 ± 0.32

0.83 ± 0.37

CD20⁺

B cells

14.54 ± 9.12

15.19 ± 7.10 (0.014)

13.84 ± 4.95

CD20⁺CD27^-CD38^-/+

Naïve mature B cells

60.59 ± 16.54*

60.24 ± 15.06** (0.0051)

65.47 ± 11.65

CD20⁺CD27^-CD38⁺⁺

Transitional B cells

14.63 ± 11.61* (0.009)

10.58 ± 8.04

10.11 ± 5.92

CD20⁺CD27^-CD80⁺

Activated naïve B cells

2.75 ± 4.72

1.50 ± 2.37

2.21 ± 5.51

CD20⁺CD27^-CD86⁺

Activated naïve B cells

6.93 ± 9.43

4.04 ± 5.64*** (0.0009)

6.44 ± 7.19

CD20⁺CD27⁺CD38^-/+

Memory B cells

23.40 ± 15.79

28.15 ± 15.67*

24.32 ± 11.50

CD20⁺CD27⁺CD38⁺⁺

Pre-germinal center B cells

2.77 ± 2.98*** (0.003)

1.49 ± 1.91

1.68 ± 3.06

CD20⁺CD27⁺CD80⁺

Activated memory/pre-germinal center B cells

18.91 ± 11.69*

16.59 ± 9.53

15.84 ± 8.36

CD20⁺CD27⁺CD86⁺

Activated memory/pre-germinal center B cells

12.12 ± 9.64*** (0.0039)

8.10 ± 6.52

9.00 ± 8.47

CD20⁺CD69⁺

Recently activated B cells

20.40 ± 15.84*** (<0.0001)

13.05 ± 12.00

10.85 ± 8.93

CD3⁺

T cells

63.44 ± 14.68

61.23 ± 12.68*

64.8 ± 9.70

CD3⁺CD4⁺

CD4⁺ T cells

34.50 ± 12.77*** (0.0001)

40.06 ± 11.91

40.77 ± 9.98

CD3⁺CD8⁺

CD8⁺ T cells

25.24 ± 11.01*

19.38 ± 9.30*

21.18 ± 7.46

CD3⁺Vα24⁺Vβ11⁺

NKT cells

0.06 ± 0.13*** (<0.0001)

0.08 ± 0.20*** (0.013)

0.11 ± 0.17

CD4⁺CD25⁺

T_reg cells

6.62 ± 4.30

6.39 ± 3.41

6.46 ± 2.98

CD4⁺CD45RA⁺CD45RO^-

Naive CD4⁺ cells

31.62 ± 14.41

25.06 ± 13.13**

29.05 ± 12.69

CD4⁺CD45RA^-CD45RO⁺

Memory CD4⁺ cells

37.10 ± 14.04*

41.63 ± 15.16 (0.0433)

40.27 ± 11.95

CD4⁺CD69⁺

Recently activated CD4⁺ cells

10.55 ± 11.32*** (0.0001)

7.08 ± 8.56

5.95 ± 5.92

CD8⁺CD45RA⁺CD45RO^-

Naive CD8⁺ cells

62.36 ± 16.37*

53.92 ± 15.15**

58.61 ± 13.53

CD8⁺CD45RA^-CD45RO⁺

Memory CD8⁺ cells

15.75 ± 9.91*** (0.0027)

21.35 ± 11.09

20.29 ± 10.37