Cases (n = 104) | Controls (n = 284) | OR | 95% CI | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics: | |||||
Age at diagnosis (years) | 70.4 (16.7) | 67.1 (14.3) | - | - | 0.06 |
Sex (female) | 58 (55.8%) | 163 (57.4%) | 0.95 | 0.60 to 1.47 | 0.78 |
Smoking | 28 (26.9%) | 51 (18%) | 1.96 | 1.15 to 3.37 | 0.01 |
Alcohol (glasses/week) | 9.6 (33.2) | 6.2 (8.6) | - | - | 0.12 |
Medical history: | |||||
Heart failure | 26 (25.0%) | 32 (11.3%) | 2.63 | 1.48 to 4.67 | 0.001 |
Renal insufficiency | 16 (15.4%) | 15 (5.3%) | 3.26 | 1.55 to 6.86 | 0.001 |
Myocardial infarction | 20 (19.2%) | 32 (11.3%) | 1.88 | 1.02 to 3.45 | 0.04 |
Stroke | 18 (17.3%) | 28 (9.9%) | 1.91 | 1.01 to 3.63 | 0.04 |
Diabetes mellitus | 16 (15.4%) | 33 (11.6%) | 1.38 | 0.73 to 2.64 | 0.32 |
Previous gastrointestinal ulcers | 16 (15.4%) | 33 (11.7%) | 1.37 | 0.72 to 2.60 | 0.34 |
Rheumatoid disease, including OA | 42 (40.4%) | 97 (34.2%) | 1.31 | 0.82 to 2.07 | 0.26 |
Medication: | |||||
Non-selective NSAIDs | 86 (82.7%) | 222 (78.2%) | 1.33 | 0.75 to 2.39 | 0.33 |
Selective COX-2 inhibitors | 17 (16.3%) | 50 (17.6%) | 0.91 | 0.50 to 1.67 | 0.77 |
Preferential COX-2 inhibitors | 1 (1.0%) | 12 (4.2%) | 0.22 | 0.03 to 1.71 | 0.20 |
Proton pump inhibitors | 14 (13.5%) | 77 (27.1%) | 0.42 | 0.23 to 0.78 | 0.005 |
H2RAs | 4 (3.8%) | 9 (3.2%) | 1.22 | 0.37 to 4.06 | 0.74 |
Misoprostol | 8 (7.7%) | 20 (7.0%) | 1.10 | 0.47 to 2.58 | 0.83 |
Low dose aspirin (≤ 100 mg/day) | 32 (30.8%) | 69 (24.3%) | 1.39 | 0.84 to 2.28 | 0.20 |
Coumarin | 14 (13.5%) | 19 (6.7%) | 2.17 | 1.05 to 4.51 | 0.04 |
SSRIs | 6 (5.8%) | 9 (3.2%) | 1.87 | 0.65 to 5.39 | 0.24 |
Corticosteroids | 14 (13.5%) | 32 (11.3%) | 1.23 | 0.63 to 2.40 | 0.55 |