Table 1 Demographics, laboratory characteristics and clinical characteristics of participants

Demographics

   Female (%)

93

93

90

   Mean age (years)

38

37

35

   Race (%)

African-American

37

31

43

Caucasian

32

49*

32^†

Others

31

20

25

   Disease duration (years)

-

9.0 ± 0.8

10.3 ± 0.8

   American College of Rheumatology criteria count

-

6.0 ± 0.2

6.4 ± 0.2

Serum markers

   C3 (mg/dl)

125.1 ± 5.3

100.0 ± 3.7*

92.6 ± 5.0*

   C4 (mg/dl)

24.7 ± 2.1

17.0 ± 1.1

19.4 ± 1.5

   High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/dl)

1.4 (1.1 to 4.4)

5.5 (4.1 to 7.0)*

5.8 (4.0 to 7.5)*

SLE manifestation^a (%)

   Central nervous system

-

21

14

   Skin

-

65

53

   Joint

-

87

68

   Serositis

-

31

35

   Anti-dsDNA

-

45

78^††

   Anti-Smith

-

40

57^†

   Anti-phospholipid

-

44

51

Medication usage^b (%)

-

   Prednisone

-

45

55

Mean dose (mg/day)

-

12.5

17.5

   Antimalarials

-

80

72

   Cytotoxics

-

28

68^††

   Statins

-

11

28^†

   Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

-

46

65^†