Pain-related medication | FM patients n = 1,081 | Reference group n = 62,445 | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Antiepileptics | 16.0 | 4.3 | 1.18 (0.97–1.44) | 0.102 |
Benzodiazepines | 52.4 | 19.6 | 1.47 (1.27–1.70) | <0.001 |
Sedatives and hypnotics | 12.8 | 5.3 | 0.99 (0.81–1.22) | 0.949 |
Corticosteroids | 6.4 | 3.2 | 0.97 (0.73–1.29) | 0.851 |
COX-2 inhibitors | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.81 (0.30–2.17) | 0.673 |
NSAIDs | 74.7 | 39.3 | 1.86 (1.59–2.17) | <0.001 |
Muscle relaxants | 25.3 | 6.5 | 2.20 (1.88–2.59) | <0.001 |
Antidepressants | ||||
TCAs | 22.2 | 1.8 | 5.46 (4.56–6.53) | <0.001 |
MAOIs | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.999 |
SSRIs | 36.3 | 9.8 | 2.08 (1.79–2.41) | <0.001 |
Other antidepressants | 16.3 | 2.2 | 2.90 (2.37–3.55) | <0.001 |
Opioids | ||||
Short-acting opioids | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.20 (0.03–1.51) | 0.118 |
Long-acting opioids | 30.5 | 3.8 | 3.56 (3.02–4.21) | <0.001 |
Antimigraine drugs | ||||
Triptans | 3.5 | 0.9 | 1.05 (0.71–1.57) | 0.802 |
Other antimigraine drugs | 2.5 | 0.5 | 1.58 (1.00–2.49) | 0.048 |
Other analgesics | 63.5 | 33.3 | 1.54 (1.33–1.78) | <0.001 |
Miscellaneous | 11.6 | 4.4 | 0.94 (0.75–1.16) | 0.549 |
Medications per year, mean (SD) | 3.7 (2.0) | 1.4 (1.5) | 1.96 (1.73–2.18)a | <0.001 |