Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients
All patients N = 182 | Patients who developed CVE N = 24 | Patients free of CVE N = 158 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional risk factors | ||||
Age years | 45 (31-53) | 59 (49 to 66) | 44 (30-52) | < 0.0001 |
Male gender | 10% | 9% | 11% | |
Smoking ever | 51% | 70% | 46% | 0.02 |
Hypertension | 30% | 42% | 28% | |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)* | 125 (115 to 140) | 140 (120 to 143) | 120 (110 to 140) | 0.03 |
Hypercholestrolemia | 41% | 54% | 39% | |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.9 (4.3 to 5.9) | 5.7 (4.5 to 6.4) | 4.9 (4.2 to 5.7) | 0.05 |
LDL (mmol/L) | 2.8 (2.3 to 3.5) | 3.0 (2.7 to 4.0) | 2.8 (2.2 to 3.5) | |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.7) | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.9) | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.7) | |
Triglycerides (mmol/L)* | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.9) | 1.5 (1.2 to 2.0) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.9) | |
ApoB/ApoA*† | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.6) | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.8) | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.6) | |
Diabetes | 2% | 0% | 2% | |
Lupus manifestations | ||||
Disease duration | 10 (4 to 18) | 18 (10 to 24) | 10 (4 to 17) | 0.0005 |
Malar rash | 58% | 58% | 58% | |
Discoid rash | 22% | 22% | 22% | |
Photosensitivity | 71% | 50% | 75% | 0.01 |
Oral ulcers | 29% | 37% | 27% | |
Arthritis | 84% | 100% | 82% | 0.02 |
Pleuritis | 38% | 65% | 34% | 0.005 |
Pericarditis | 18% | 17% | 22% | |
Nephritis | 30% | 37% | 29% | |
Neurological disorder | 12% | 17% | 11% | |
Leucopenia | 56% | 57% | 46% | |
Thrombocytopenia | 21% | 4% | 24% | 0.03 |
Previous venous occlusion | 12% | 29% | 9% | 0.004 |
SLICC >1 | 53% | 79% | 49% | 0.006 |
SLAM >6 at baseline | 45% | 50% | 44% | |
Medication | ||||
Months on steroid treatment* | 35 (3 to 118) | 54 (1 to 123) | 31 (3 to119) | |
Cyclofosfamide treatment ever | 15% | 8% | 16% | |
Azathioprine at baseline | 38% | 4% | 33% | |
Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine at baseline | 29% | 21% | 30% | |
Warfarin at baseline | 9% | 13% | 8% | |
ASA at baseline | 19% | 25% | 18% | |
Statins at baseline | 0.6% | 0% | 0.7% | |
Autoantibodies against | ||||
dsDNA | 36% | 33% | 36% | |
CL IgG | 47% | 58% | 46% | |
CL IgM | 15% | 21% | 14% | |
β2GP-1 IgG† | 36% | 54% | 34% | 0.05 |
Lupus anticoagulant | 21% | 25% | 20% | |
any PL | 65% | 83% | 63% | 0.05 |
SSA | 43% | 25% | 46% | |
SSB | 24% | 13% | 25% | |
Sm | 11% | 8% | 12% | |
RNP | 11% | 14% | 11% | |
Markers of systemic inflammation | ||||
hs CRP (mg/L)*† | 1.9 (0.7 to 5.1) | 4.9 (1.7 to 23.5) | 1.7 (0.6 to 4.1) | 0.0002 |
Fibrinogen (g/L)*† | 3.4 (2.9 to 4.5) | 4.6 (3.3 to 5.3) | 3.2 (2.8 to 4.3) | 0.002 |
α-1 antitrypsine (g/L)† | 1.5 (1.3 to 1.7) | 1.8 (1.4 to 2.2) | 1.5 (1.3 to 1.7 | 0.002 |
SAA (mg/L)*† | 5.0 (2.5 to 10.9) | 9.3 (5.1 to 26.8) | 4.5 (2.3 to 9.3 | 0.004 |
IL 6 (ng/L)*† | 3.3 (2.0 to 6.9) | 5.3 (2.7 to 10.9) | 3.1 (1.9 to 6.4) | 0.03 |
C3 (g/L)† | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.3) | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) | |
C3d (mg/L)† | 11.8 (9.6 to 14.7) | 12.9 (10.5 to 15.9) | 11.6 (9.5 to 14.5) | |
C4 (g/L)† | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) | 0.1 (0.09 to 1.4) | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) | |
Markers of endothelial activation | ||||
sVCAM-1 (ng/L)*† | 306 (252 to 385) | 373 (303 to 503) | 302 (249 to 375) | 0.0009 |
von Willebrand factor %*† | 117 (61 to 166) | 157 (114 to 232) | 112 (59 to 158) | 0.001 |
Markers of renal damage | ||||
Creatinine (μmol/L)* | 82 (73 to 94) | 87 (76 to 107) | 81 (72 to 93) | 0.01 |
MDRD ml/min/1.73 m2 | 68 (57 to 80) | 59 (45 to 71) | 69 (58 to 81) | 0.004 |
Blood urea nitrogen mmol/L† | 5.7 (4.7 to 7.2) | 6.5 (5.3 to 9.9) | 5.6 (4.6 to 6.8) | 0.01 |
Pathologic urine | 23% | 25% | 22% | |
Other biomarkers | ||||
Albumin (g/L) | 45 (41 to 48) | 41(37 to 45) | 45 (42 to 48) | 0.002 |
Homocystein (μmol/L)*† | 12.3 (10.0 to 15.6) | 12.1 (10.4 to 17.9) | 12.4 (9.8 to 15.4) | |