Interstitial lung disease in connective tissue diseases: evolving concepts of pathogenesis and management

Table 2 Characteristic histopathologic patterns and radiologic findings in the interstitium of IPF and connective tissue-associated ILD

Disease association	Characteristic histopathologic pattern	Characteristic radiographic findings on HRCT
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis	Usual interstitial pneumonia	Peripheral and bibasilar reticulonodular opacities with honeycombing
Systemic sclerosis	Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia	Increased reticular markings, ground glass opacification, basilar prominence
	Usual interstitial pneumonia	Peripheral and bibasilar reticulonodular opacities with honeycombing
Rheumatoid arthritis	Usual interstitial pneumonia	Reticular changes and honeycombing
	Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia	Ground-glass opacities with basilar prominence
Polymyositis/dermatomyositis	Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia	As above
	Usual interstitial pneumonia	As above
	Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia	Patchy airspace consolidation, ground glass opacities
	Diffuse alveolar damage	Diffuse ground glass opacities
Sjögren's syndrome	Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia	As above
	Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia	Thin walled cysts, ground glass opacities, centrilobular nodules
Systemic lupus erythematosus	Acute interstitial pneumonia	Ground glass opacities
Mixed connective tissue disease	Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia	Septal thickening and ground glass opacities

HRCT, high-resolution computed tomography; ILD, interstitial lung disease; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

ISSN: 1478-6362