Table 2 Categories of potential biomarkers examined in translational studies of systemic autoimmune diseases

Gene expression

48 (30.8)

9 (18.7)

26 (38.8)

13 (31.7)

Cytokines and receptors

26 (16.7)

6 (12.5)

10 (14.9)

10 (24.4)

Cell-surface markers

23 (14.7)

8 (16.7)

11 (16.4)

4 (9.8)

Lymphocyte markers

20 (12.8)

14 (29.2)

2 (3.0)

4 (9.8)

Chemokines and receptors

11 (7.0)

2 (4.2)

4 (6.0)

5 (12.2)

Miscellaneous^b

8 (5.1)

1 (2.1)

4 (6.0)

3 (7.3)

Enzymes

6 (3.8)

2 (4.2)

3 (4.5)

1 (2.4)

Endothelial activation markers

5 (3.2)

2 (4.2)

3 (4.5)

0

Soluble cell-surface molecules

4 (2.5)

1 (2.1)

2 (3.0)

1 (2.4)

Signaling molecules

3 (1.9)

2 (4.2)

1 (1.5)

0

Proteomes

2 (1.3)

1 (2.1)

1 (1.4)

0

Biomarkers for disease activity

All diseases

SLE

RA

Other diseases ^a

n = 37

n = 27

n = 9

n = 1

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

Gene expression

10 (27.0)

7 (25.9)

2 (22.2)

1 (100.0)

Lymphocyte markers

8 (21.6)

7 (25.9)

0

0

Cell-surface markers

8 (21.6)

8 (29.6)

1 (11.1)

0

Cytokines and receptors

4 (10.8)

1 (3.7)

3 (33.3)

0

Chemokines and receptors

4 (10.8)

1 (3.7)

3 (33.3)

0

Soluble cell-surface molecules

2 (5.4)

2 (7.4)

0

0

Proteomes

1 (2.7)

1 (3.7)

0

0

Biomarkers for prognosis

All diseases

SLE

RA

Other diseases ^a

n = 9

n = 3

n = 5

n = 1

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

Cytokines and receptors

2 (22.2)

0

2 (50.0)

0

Chemokines and receptors

2 (22.2)

1 (33.3)

0

1 (100.0)

Gene expression

2 (22.2)

1 (33.3)

1 (25.0)

0

Miscellaneous^b

2 (22.2)

1 (33.3)

1 (25.0)

Proteomes

1 (11.1)

0

1 (25.0)

0