Lifestyle factors and lumbar disc disease: results of a German multi-center case-control study (EPILIFT)

Schumann, Barbara; Bolm-Audorff, Ulrich; Bergmann, Annekatrin; Ellegast, Rolf; Elsner, Gine; Grifka, Joachim; Haerting, Johannes; Jäger, Matthias; Michaelis, Martina; Seidler, Andreas

doi:10.1186/ar3164

Arthritis Research & Therapy

Table 2 Lifestyle factors and lumbar disc disease among men

From: Lifestyle factors and lumbar disc disease: results of a German multi-center case-control study (EPILIFT)

					Lumbar disc herniation				Lumbar disc narrowing (chondrosis)
	Control subjects		Cases						Cases
	N	%	N	%	Adj. OR^a	95% CI	Adj. OR^b	95% CI	N	%	Adj. OR^a	95% CI	Adj. OR^c	95% CI
Body mass index
<21.88	76	16.8	27	9.4	1.0	-	1.0	-	17	11.7	1.0	-	1.0	-
≥21.88 to <24.30	185	40.8	101	35.3	1.6	0.9-2.6	1.4	0.8-2.4	47	32.4	0.9	0.5-1.8	0.9	0.5-1.7
≥24.30 to <29.21	164	36.2	143	50.0	2.6	1.6-4.3	2.1	1.3-3.6	67	46.2	1.3	0.7-2.5	1.2	0.6-2.3
≥29.21	21	4.6	13	4.5	2.0	0.9-4.7	1.6	0.7-3.8	13	9.0	2.6	1.0-6.4	2.3	0.9-5.9
Trend test^d					P = 0.001		P = 0.003				P = 0.09		P = 0.02
Smoking, pack-years
Never smoked	192	42.4	102	35.7	1.0	-	1.0	-	45	31.0	1.0	-	1.0	-
>0 to <8	68	15.0	34	11.9	1.0	0.6-1.7	1.0	0.6-1.7	17	11.7	1.3	0.7-2.5	1.3	0.7-2.6
≥8 to <20	86	19.0	63	22.0	1.3	0.8-1.9	1.2	0.8-1.9	32	22.1	1.6	0.9-2.7	1.6	0.9-2.8
≥20 to <40	69	15.2	70	24.5	1.7	1.1-2.6	1.6	1.0-2.5	33	22.8	2.0	1.1-3.4	1.9	1.1-3.3
≥40	36	7.9	16	5.6	0.8	0.4-1.5	0.8	0.4-1.5	18	12.4	1.4	0.7-2.7	1.4	0.7-2.7
Trend test^d					P = 0.48		P = 0.66				P = 0.07		P = 0.07
Endurance sports, cumulative hours
0	178	39.3	122	42.7	1.0	-			74	51.0	1.0	-
>0 to <1,300	77	17.0	41	14.3	0.9	0.6-1.4			10	6.9	0.4	0.2-0.8
1,300 to <4,030	98	21.6	55	19.2	0.9	0.6-1.3			23	15.9	0.6	0.4-1.1
4,030 to <9,880	75	16.6	45	15.7	0.8	0.5-1.3			24	16.6	0.8	0.4-1.3
≥9,880	25	5.5	23	8.0	1.3	0.7-2.4			14	9.7	1.0	0.5-2.1
Trend test^d					P = 0.67						P = 0.81
Ball sports, cumulative hours
0	255	56.3	150	52.4	1.0	-			83	57.2	1.0	-
>0 to <1,040	44	9.7	41	14.3	1.7	1.1-2.8			15	10.3	1.3	0.7-2.5
1,040 to <2,700	72	15.9	36	12.6	0.9	0.5-1.4			21	14.5	1.0	0.5-1.7
2,700 to <5,100	39	8.6	29	10.1	1.2	0.7-2.1			9	6.2	0.9	0.4-1.9
≥5,100	43	9.5	30	10.5	1.1	0.7-1.9			17	11.7	1.3	0.7-2.4
Trend test^d					P = 0.65						P = 0.83
Athletic sports, cumulative hours
0	420	92.7	257	89.9	1.0	-			135	93.1	1.0	-	1.0	-
>0 to <500	10	2.2	10	3.5	1.7	0.7-4.2			1	0.7	0.4	0.04-3.0	0.4	0.05-3.6
500 to <1,560	10	2.2	11	3.8	1.8	0.7-4.4			6	4.1	1.8	0.6-5.3	2.1	0.7-6.5
≥1,560	13	2.9	8	2.8	1.1	0.4-2.8			3	2.1	0.7	0.2-2.6	0.8	0.2-2.8
Trend test^d					P = 0.43						P = 0.66		P = 0.64
Body building sports, cumulative hours
0	395	87.2	257	89.9	1.0	-	1.0	-	136	93.8	1.0	-	1.0	-
>0 to <400	17	3.8	10	3.5	1.0	0.5-2.4	1.0	0.5-2.4	1	0.7	0.2	0.03-1.8	0.3	0.03-2.0
400 to <1,350	18	4.0	12	4.2	1.0	0.5-2.2	1.0	0.5-2.2	5	3.4	1.1	0.4-3.1	1.2	0.4-3.4
≥1,350	23	5.1	7	2.4	0.5	0.2-1.1	0.5	0.2-1.1	3	2.1	0.5	0.1-1.7	0.5	0.1-1.7
Trend test^d					P = 0.16 (neg.)						P = 0.29 (neg.)		P = 0.30 (neg.)

^aAdjusted for age and region. ^bFinal model for lumbar disc herniation: Adjusted for age, region, and cumulative physical workload (OR for body mass index and smoking); adjusted for age, region, and differing leg length (OR for body building). ^cFinal model for lumbar disc narrowing: Adjusted for age, region, body building, whole-body vibrations and psychosocial workload (OR for body mass index); adjusted for age, region, and cumulative physical workload (OR for smoking); adjusted for age, region, unemployment as severe life event, and cumulative physical workload (OR for athletics); adjusted for age, region, and psychosocial workload (OR for body building). ^dTo calculate tests for trend, we included the exposure scores as continuous variables in the logistic regression model; (neg.) means P for trend for a negative association. Adj. OR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

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