Lifestyle factors and lumbar disc disease: results of a German multi-center case-control study (EPILIFT)

Schumann, Barbara; Bolm-Audorff, Ulrich; Bergmann, Annekatrin; Ellegast, Rolf; Elsner, Gine; Grifka, Joachim; Haerting, Johannes; Jäger, Matthias; Michaelis, Martina; Seidler, Andreas

doi:10.1186/ar3164

Arthritis Research & Therapy

Table 3 Lifestyle factors and lumbar disc disease among women

From: Lifestyle factors and lumbar disc disease: results of a German multi-center case-control study (EPILIFT)

							Lumbar disc herniation		Lumbar disc narrowing (chondrosis)
	Control subjects		Cases						Cases
	N	%	N	%	Adj. OR^a	95% CI	Adj. OR^b	95% CI	N	%	Adj. OR^a	95% CI	Adj. OR^c	95% CI
Body mass index
<21.88	218	48.7	110	39.6	1.0	-	1.0	-	66	32.0	1.0	-	1.0	-
≥21.88 to <24.30	110	24.6	77	27.7	1.3	0.9-2.0	1.3	0.9-1.8	51	24.8	1.1	0.7-1.8	1.1	0.7-1.7
≥24.30 to <29.21	86	19.2	64	23.0	1.4	1.0-2.1	1.3	0.8-1.9	68	33.0	1.6	1.0-2.6	1.7	1.0-2.7
≥29.21	24	5.4	25	9.0	2.1	1.1-3.9	2.0	1.1-3.7	21	10.2	2.1	1.0-4.3	1.5	0.7-3.1
Trend test^d					P = 0.006		P = 0.03				P = 0.001		P = 0.02
Smoking, pack-years
Never smoked	245	54.7	135	48.6	1.0	-	1.0	-	121	58.7	1.0	-	1.0	-
>0 to <8	90	20.1	52	18.7	1.1	0.7-1.7	1.0	0.7-1.6	25	12.1	0.8	0.5-1.4	0.8	0.5-1.4
≥8 to <20	56	12.5	49	17.6	1.7	1.1-2.6	1.5	1.0-2.4	30	14.6	1.5	0.9-2.7	1.5	0.8-2.5
≥20 to <40	48	10.7	34	12.2	1.3	0.8-2.2	1.0	0.6-1.7	25	12.1	1.0	0.6-1.8	0.8	0.5-1.5
≥40	7	1.6	6	2.2	1.6	0.5-4.9	1.4	0.4-4.5	4	1.9	1.0	0.3-3.6	0.7	0.2-2.7
Trend test^d					P = 0.10		P = 0.47				P = 0.36		P = 0.93
Endurance sports, cumulative hours
0	194	43.3	118	42.4	1.0	-			103	50.0	1.0	-
>0 to <1,300	100	22.3	65	23.4	1.1	0.7-1.7			25	12.1	0.8	0.4-1.3
1,300 to <4,030	78	17.4	35	12.6	0.7	0.5-1.2			28	13.6	0.9	0.5-1.5
4,030 to <9,880	55	12.3	39	14.0	1.2	0.7-1.9			30	14.6	1.1	0.6-1.8
≥9,880	21	4.7	21	7.6	1.6	0.8-3.1			20	9.7	1.5	0.8-3.1
Trend test^d					P = 0.67						P = 0.54
Ball sports, cumulative hours
0	372	83.0	233	83.8	1.0	-			179	86.9	1.0	-
>0 to <1,040	45	10.0	20	7.2	0.7	0.4-1.2			12	5.8	0.7	0.4-1.5
1,040 to <2,700	21	4.7	18	6.5	1.4	0.7-2.8			9	4.4	1.2	0.5-2.8
2,700 to <5,100	7	1.6	4	1.4	1.1	0.3-3.7			3	1.5	1.4	0.3-6.3
≥5,100	3	0.7	3	1.1	1.7	0.3-8.7			3	1.5	4.3	0.6-29.4
Trend test^d					P = 0.65						P = 0.15
Athletic sports, cumulative hours
0	412	92.0	250	89.9	1.0	-			192	93.2	1.0	-	1.0	-
>0 to <500	11	2.5	7	2.5	1.2	0.4-3.0			3	1.5	0.7	0.2-2.6	0.8	0.2-3.1
500 to <1,560	14	3.1	9	3.2	1.0	0.4-2.4			7	3.4	1.1	0.4-2.8	1.2	0.4-3.3
≥1,560	11	2.5	12	4.3	1.8	0.8-4.3			4	1.9	1.5	0.4-5.5	1.4	0.4-5.4
Trend test^d					P = 0.43						P = 0.74		P = 0.70
Body building sports, cumulative hours
0	408	91.1	249	89.6	1.0	-	1.0	-	202	98.1	1.0	-	1.0	-
>0 to <400	15	3.3	10	3.6	1.1	0.5-2.6	1.1	0.5-2.6	1	0.5	0.2	0.03-1.8	0.3	0.03-2.1
400 to <1,350	17	3.8	15	5.4	1.5	0.7-3.2	1.4	0.7-2.9	3	1.5	0.5	0.1-2.0	0.5	0.1-1.7
≥1,350	8	1.8	4	1.4	0.8	0.2-2.8	0.3	0.1-1.7	-	-	-	-	-	-
Trend test^d					P = 0.94		P = 0.54 (neg.)				P = 0.12 (neg.)		P = 0.12 (neg.)

^aAdjusted for age and region. ^bFinal model for lumbar disc herniation: Adjusted for age, region, and cumulative physical workload (OR for body mass index and smoking); adjusted for age, region, and differing leg length (OR for body building). ^cFinal model for lumbar disc narrowing: Adjusted for age, region, body building, whole-body vibrations and psychosocial workload (OR for body mass index);adjusted for age, region, and cumulative physical workload (OR for smoking); adjusted for age, region, unemployment as severe life event, and cumulative physical workload (OR for athletics); adjusted for age, region, and psychosocial workload (OR for body building). ^dTo calculate tests for trend, we included the exposure scores as continuous variables in the logistic regression model; (neg.) means P for trend for a negative association. Adj. OR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

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