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Table 1 Overview of cytokines and correlated systems addressed at the second Kitasato meeting 2010.

From: Kitasato symposium 2010: new prospects for cytokines

Cytokine systems and cytokine/signalling cascades

Specific comments

Soluble and membrane-bound TNF

Distinct roles in autoimmunity versus risk of infection

 

Immunomodulatory effects by TNF blockade on CD4+CD25+ Treg cells

TNFR1 and FDCs

Potential crucial role in autoimmunity

STAT1/3 balance

IL-10 resistance can be modulated by TNF and IFN

IL-17

Counter regulation of Th17 versus Treg cells and emerging role of TH17 cells in providing B-cell help

IL-33

Potential role in resistance to intestinal nematode infection; proinflammatory effects in asthma and arthritis

IL-35

Probably immunosuppressive cytokine with potential to expand Treg cells and suppresses Th17 cells

IL-6/IL-6 receptor/glycoprotein 130

Additional role of this cytokine/signalling system in juvenile arthritis as well as other systemic autoimmune disorders. Role of IL-6/IL-6 receptor in glucose metabolism

Cytokine/chemokine effects on osteoblast/osteoclast activity

TNFα, IL-1, IL-17A, IL-6, BAFF/BLyS, APRIL, C-C chemokine receptor 2

BAFF/BLyS, APRIL, TNF, IFNα

Role in systemic autoimmunity (that is, systemic lupus erythematosus)

GM-CSF receptor blockade

First trial data in human

Blockade of IL-17A

First trial data in rheumatoid arthritis patients

IL-21

Role in autoimmunity and potential target of therapy

IL-22

Potential to polarise Th17 cells into immunomodulatory IL-22-producing T cells

IL-10

Additional functions of IL-10-producing B cells for immunomodulation

IFNα

Current and new aspects of using IFNα in the treatment of Behçet's disease

  1. APRIL, a proliferation-inducing ligand; BAFF, B-cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family; BLyS, B-lymphocyte stimulator; FDC, follicular dendritic cells; GM-CSF, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; TNFR1, TNF receptor 1; Treg, T-regulatory.