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Table 1 Differentiation of human TRAP-positive mononuclear cells derived from peripheral-blood monocytes into multinucleated cells after stimulation with IL-3, IL-5, IL-7, and GM-CSF

From: Differentiation of monocytes into multinucleated giant bone-resorbing cells: two-step differentiation induced by nurse-like cells and cytokines

Stimulator

Concentration

Fusion index (%) a

None

 

1.8

Conditioned mediumb

(10% v/v)

86.1

IL-1α

(1 ng/ml)

1.1

IL-1β

(1 ng/ml)

1.3

IL-2

(250 U/ml)

7.7

IL-3

(5 ng/ml)

64.8

IL-4

(100 U/ml)

1.3

IL-5

(1 ng/ml)

66.1

IL-6

(20 ng/ml)

5.6

IL-6 + sIL-6R

(sIL-6R: 200 ng/ml)

5.3

IL-7

(20 ng/ml)

72.4

IL-8

(20 ng/ml)

2.1

IFN-γ

(100 U/ml)

7.1

GM-CSF

(1 ng/ml)

73.8

M-CSF

(25 ng/ml)

5.8

TNF-a

(1 ng/ml)

6.9

VD3

(10-7 mol/l)

3.4

Dexamethasone

(10-8 mol/l)

0.8

M-CSF + IL-4

(M-CSF, 25 ng/ml; IL-4,100 U/ml)

0.1

IL-3 + IL-7

 

75.4

IL-7 + GM-CSF

 

77.3

IL-3 + IL-7 + GM-CSF

 

78.7

Phytohemagglutinin

(1% v/v)

2.0

RANKLc

(100 ng/ml)

2.6

RANKL + M-CSF c

(RANKL/ODF, 100 ng/ml;

38.1

 

M-CSF, 25 ng/ml)

 
  1. aTRAP-positive mononuclear cells were stimulated with various cytokines for 96–120 h. Fusion indices were calculated using the formula given in the text and previously [16]. Data are representative of three independent experiments using TRAP-positive cells induced from monocytes. bSee [15], and Supplementary material. cThe culture was maintained for 14 days. GM-CSF = granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor; IFN = interferon; IL = interleukin; M-CSF = macrophage-colony-stimulating factor; ODF = osteoclast differentiation factor; RANKL= receptor activator of nuclear-factor-κB ligand; sIL-6R = soluble interleukin-6 receptor; TNF = tumor necrosis factor; VD3 = 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.