Table 3 Cross-sectional studies investigating relationship CV disease and low BMD
Study | Study population | Number of cases | % women | Outcome bone mass | Outcome CV disease | Main results # |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frye, 1992 [35] | Population-based | 200 | 100% | BMD lumbar spine and hip by single photon absorptiometry | AC by x-ray | Association AC and BMD lumbar spine: β-2.213 (P < 0.05) Association AC and BMD hip: β-0.661 (NS) |
Barengolts, 1998 [32] | Clinic-based | 45 | 100% | BMD lumbar spine and hip by DXA | Coronary calcium score by EBT | Correlation BDM hip and calcium score: r-0.34 (P = 0.022) Correlation BMD spine and calcium score: r-0.28 (P = 0.056) |
Jorgensen, 2001 [27] | Clinic-based | 63 | 52% | BMD femoral neck by DXA | Incident stroke | Women: OR: 6.6 (95% CI 1.8 to 24.8) Men: OR: 0.6 (95% CI 0.1 to 2.3) |
Aoyagi, 2001 [40] | Population-based | 524 | 100% | BMD distal and proximal radius, calcaneus single photon absorptiometry by sinlge photon absorptiometry | AC by x-ray | BMD distal radius and AC: OR: 1.1 (95% CI 0.9 ro 1.3) BMD calcaneus and AC: OR: 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3) |
Van der Klift, 2002 [29] | Population-based | 5,268 | 57% | BMD lumbar spine and hip by DXA | PAD by ABI | Women: PAD and BMD hip: OR: 1.35 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.79) Men: PAD and BMD hip: OR: 0.89 (95% CI 0.64 to 1.23) |
Tanko, 2003 [39] | Population-based | 963 | 100% | BMD hip and lumbar spine by DXA | AC by x-ray | AC and BMD hip: β-0.10, 9 (P = 0.004) |
Hirose, 2003 [56] | Clinic-based | 7,865 | 9% | OSI calcaneus | baPWV | Women: β-0.11 (P < 0.01) Men: β-0.07 (P < 0.01) |
Pennisi, 2004 [50] | Clinic-based | 36 | 44% | BMD total body, lumbar spine, and hip by DXA and calcaneus by QUS | IMT and presence of plaque in carotid artery | 63% patients with BMD spine T <-1 93% patients with BMD hip T <-1 |
Jorgensen, 2004 [47] | Population-based | 5,296 | 52% | BMD distal radius by single x-ray absorptiometry | IMT and prevalent plaque | BMD and IMT: NS BMD and prevalent plaque: OR: 0.90 (95% CI 0.75 to 1.07) BMD and echogenic plaque: OR: 0.51 (95% CI 0.31 to 0.83) |
Montalcini, 2004 [49] | Clinic-based | 157 | 100% | BMD calcaneus by QUS | IMT | BMD and IMT: NS |
Magnus, 2005 [23] | Population-based | 5,050 | 36% | BMD hip by DXA | Self reported CV events | Women: OR: 1.22 (0.80 to 1.86) Men: OR: 1.39 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.87) |
Bakhireva, 2005 [31] | Population-based | 366 | 51% | BMD lumbar spine and hip by DXA | CAC by CT scan | Women: BMD hip and CAC: OR: 0.69 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.93) Men: BMD hip and CAC: OR: 1.03 (0.75 to 1.41) |
Wong, 2005 [30] | Population-based | 3,998 | 50% | BMD lumbar spine and hip by DXA | PAD by ABI | Per SD increase in ABI sign associated with hip BMD: 0.5 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.9) |
Yamada, 2005 [53] | Clinic-based | 260 | 59% | BMD lumbar spine by DXA and OSI calcanues | IMT carotid artery and femoral artery | BMD lumbar spine and FA-IMT: ρ-0.117 (P < 0.005) |
Farhat, 2006 [34] | Population-based | 490 | 100% | vBMD spine by CT scan | AC and CAC by CT scan | AC and BMD: OR: 1.68 (95% CI 1.06 to 2.68) CAC and BMD: OR: 1.19 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.74) |
Farhat, 2006 [19] | Population-based | 1,489 | 51% | BMD hip by DXA vBMD lumbar spine by QCT | Prevalent CV disease self reported Prevalent PAD by ABI | Women: Prevalent CV disease and BMD hip: OR: 1.22 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.43) PAD and BMD hip: NS Men: Prevalent CV disease and BMD hip: NS PAD and BMD hip: OR: 1.39 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.84) |
Yamada, 2006 [54] | Population-based | 149 | 100% | BMD lumbar spine by DXA and vBMD calcaneus by QCT | IMT and PWV | FA-IMT and BMD spine: β-0.067 (P < 0.05) PWV and BMD spine: NS |
Sumino, 2006 [60] | Clinic-based | 315 | 100% | BMD lumbar spine by DXA | baPWV | Association baPWV and BMD: β-0.265 (P = 0.002) |
Sinnot, 2006 [43] | Clinic-based | 480 | 65% | BMD lumbar spine by QCT | Calcium score by CT-scan | No correlation CAD and BMD in women and men |
Shaffer, 2007 [51] | Population-based | 870 | 61% | BMD lumbar spine, hip and distal radius by DXA | IMT | Women >60 years: IMT and BMD spine: β-73.0 (P < 0.001) IMT and BMD hip: β-62.4 (P < 0.001) Men >60 years: IMT and BMD radius: β-27.0 (P < 0.001) |
Sumino, 2007 [61] | Clinic-based | 85 | 100% | BMD lumbar spine by DXA | Brachial arterial endothelial function (FMD) | Correlation FMD and BMD: r .034 (P < 0.01) Association FMD and BMD: β 0.40 (P < 0.01) |
Hyder, 2007 [36] | Clinic-based | 365 | 64% | BMD lumbar spine by CT-scan | Atherosclerotic calcium in carotid, coronary and iliac arteries by CT-scan | Women: Calcium score aorta and BMD: OR: 3.14 (95% CI 1.55 to 6.38) Calcium score iliac arteries and BMD: OR: 2.20 (95% CI 1.13 to 4.29) Men: Calcium score carotid and BMD: OR: 2.85 (95% CI 1.02 to 7.96) Calcium score aorta and BMD: OR: 5.90 (95% CI 1.78 to 19.6) |
Shen, 2007 [42] | Population-based | 682 | 56% | BMD lumbar spine and hip by DXA | CAC by CT scan | CAC and BMD spine: -0.105 ± 0.132 (NS) CAC and BMD hip: 0.022 ± 0.142 (NS) |
Sioka, 2007 [24] | Clinic-based | 21 | 0% | BMD lumbar spine and hip by DXA | CAD by angiography | BMD in severe CAD vs no CAD: 77.8% vs 37.5%, P =? |
Sumino, 2008 [52] | Clinic-based | 175 | 100% | BMD lumbar spine by DXA | IMT | BMD and IMT β-0.313 (P = 0.001) |
Kim, 2008 [48] | Clinic-based | 194 | 100% | BMD lumbar spine and hip by DXA Prevalent vertebral fracture | IMT and prevalent plaque | BMD and IMT: NS BMD and plaque: NS Vertebral fracture and plaque: OR: 2.8 (95% CI 1.17 to 7.12) |
Frost, 2008 [45] | Clinic-based | 54 | 100% | Lumbar spine and hip by DXA | IMT and PWV | BMD spine and IMT: r -.025 (P = 0.26) BMD hip and IMT: r-0.17 (NS) BMD and PWV: NS |
Mangiafico, 2008 [57] | Clinic-based | 182 | 100% | BMD lumbar spine and hip DXA | PWA (AIx and PWV) | BMD hip and AIx: β-5.46 (P < 0.0001) BMD spine and Aix: β-3.29 (P < 0.0001) |
Tekin, 2008 [25] | Clinic-based | 227 | 100% | BMD lumbar spine by DXA | Prevalence CAD | CAD and low BMD: OR: 0.68 (95% CI 0.39 to 1.28) |
Broussard, 2008 [18] | Population-based | 3,881 | 51% | BMD total femur by DXA | Framingham CHD risk score by Framingham CHD prediction model | Women: moderate CHD risk and low BMD: OR: 1.45 (95% CI 1.03 to 2.06) high CHD risk and low BMD: OR: 1.73 (95% CI 1.12 to 2.66) Men: NS |
Chow, 2008 [41] | Population-based | 693 | 54% | vBMD lumbar spine and hip by QCT and vBMD distal radius by HRpQCT | AC by CT-scan | Women: NS Men: NS |
Hyder, 2009 [37] | NA | 1,909 | 50% | vBMD lumbar spine by CT scan | CAC and AAC score | Women: vBMD and CAC (P-trend <0.002) vBMD AND AAC (P-trend <0.004) Men: vBMD and CAC (P-trend <0.034) vBMD and AAC (P-trend <0.001) |
Hmamouchi, 2009 [46] | Clinic-based | 72 | 100% | BMD lulmbar spine and hip by DXA | IMT in carotid artery and femoral artery | CA-IMT and BMD hip: r-0.330 (P < 0.05) FA-IMT and BMD hip: NS IMT and BMD lumbar spine: NS |
Mikumo, 2009 [58] | Clinic-based | 143 | 100% | BMD lumbar spine by DXA | PWV | BMD and PWV: r-99.78 (NS) |
Marcowitz, 2005 [20] | Clinic-based | 209 | 88% | Lumbar spine, hip and distal radius by DXA | CAD | Osteoporosis: OR: 5.58 (95% CI 2.59 to 12.0) for CAD |
Ness, 2006 [38] | Clinic-based | 1,000 | 100% | Diagnosis osteoporosis or osteopenia by electronic medical records | AVD | Prevalence AVD osteoporotis vs osteopenia: 60% vs 35% (P < 0.001) Prevalence AVD osteoporis vs normal bone mass: 60% vs 22% (P < 0.001) |
Gupta, 2006 [78] | Clinic-based | 101 | 100% | BMD lumbar spine and total hip by DXA | Prevalent CV disease | Prevalent CV disease in low BMD vs normal BMD: 61% vs 38% (P < 0.025) |
Mangifico, 2006 [28] | Clinic-based | 345 | 100% | BMD lumbar spine and femoral neck by DXA | PAD by ABI | PAD and BMD lumbar spine: OR: 1.01 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.05) PAD and BMD hip: OR: 0.20 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.70) |
Erbilen, 2007 [33] | Clinic-based | 74 | 0% | BMD lumbar spine and hip by DXA | CAD | Association BMD and CAD: OR: 5.4 (95% CI 1.66 to 17.49) |
Sennerby, 2007 [21] | Clinic-based | 1,327 | 100% | Incident hip fracture by X-ray and hospital record | Prevalent CV disease by questionnaire | OR: 2.38 (95% CI 1.92 to 2.94) |
Varma, 2008 [22] | Clinic-based | 198 | 74% | Lumbar spine and hip by DXA | Obstructive CAD | Prevalence CAD osteoporosis vs osteopenia: 76% vs 68% (P < 0.01) Prevalence CAD osteoporosis vs normal bone mass: 76% vs 47% (P < 0.005) |
Seo, 2009 [59] | Clinic-based | 253 | 100% | BMD lumbar spine and hip by DXA | baPWV | Sign association BMD hip and baPWV: Β-0.123 (P < 0.05) |
Pouwels, 2009 [16] | Clinic-based | 6,763 | 73% | Incident hip fracture | Incident stroke by ICD 9 code | Risk hip fracture after stroke Women: OR: 2.12 (95% CI 1.73 to 2.59) Men: OR: 1.63 (95% CI 1.17 to 2.28) |