From: In vivoapproaches to investigate ANCA-associated vasculitis: lessons and limitations
 | Result | Model | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Effector mechanisms | Â | Â | Â |
   Neutrophil | Neutrophil depletion abrogates crescentic glomerulonephritis. | Mouse | [24] |
   T cells | CD4+ effector T cells contribute to anti-MPO-mediated crescentic glomeruloneprhitis. | Mouse (anti-GBM) | [55] |
 | Th17 cells promote anti-MPO-mediated crescentic glomerulonephritis. | Mouse (anti-GBM) | [56] |
   Proinflammatory stimuli | Lipopolysaccharide aggravates crescentic glomerulonephritis in a TLR4-dependent manner. | Mouse | [25] |
 | Pertussis toxin/Mycobacterium tuberculosis aggravates crescentic glomerulonephritis. | Rat | [59] |
   IgG glycosylation | IgG glycan hydrolysis attenuates crescentic glomeruloneprhitis. | Mouse | [38] |
   Leukocyte-endothelial interactions | Anti-MPO IgG increases leukocyte adhesion and migration in cremasteric venules. | Rat | [20] |
 | Anti-MPO IgG increases leukocyte adhesion in glomerular capillaries. | Mouse | [27] |
   Genetic susceptibility | Rat and mouse strains differ in susceptibility to anti-MPO-mediated crescentic glomerulonephritis. | Rat | [59] |
 |  | Mouse | [21] |
Targets for treatment | Â | Â | Â |
   Complement pathway | Disruption of alternative complement pathway abrogates crescentic glomerulonephritis. | Mouse | [29] |
 | Genetic ablation of C5aR attenuates crescentic glomerulonephritis. | Mouse (BM) | [30] |
   PI3Kγ signalling | Genetic ablation of PI3Kγ attenuates crescentic glomerulonephritis. | Mouse (BM) | [33] |
Experimental therapies | Â | Â | Â |
   Anti-TNFα treatment | Anti-TNFα pretreatment attenuates crescentic glomerulonephritis. | Rat | [32] |
 |  | Mouse | [25] |
   Anti-C5 treatment | Anti-C5 pretreatment abrogates and treatment attenuates crescentic glomerulonephritis. | Mouse | [31] |
   PI3Kγ inhibitor treatment | Treatment with a PI3Kγ inhibitor attenuates crescentic glomerulonephritis. | Mouse (BM) | [33] |
   P38 MAPK inhibitor treatment | Treatment with a P38 MAPK inhibitor attenuates crescentic glomerulonephritis. | Mouse | [36] |