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Table 1 Relative risk (OR) of gout according to lifestyle factors and comorbidities

From: Contemporary epidemiology of gout in the UK general population

Characteristics

Controls N= 50,000 N (%)

Gout cases N= 24,768 N (%)

Multivariate OR (95% CI)*

Sex

   

Male

36,953 (73.91)

17,946 (72.46)

-

Female

13,047 (26.09)

6,822 (27.54)

-

Age

   

20 to 49 years

10,211 (20,42)

5,290 (21.36)

-

50 to 59 years

10,111 (20.22)

4,873 (19.67)

-

60 to 69 years

11,930 (23.86)

5,753 (23.23)

-

70 to 79 years

11,896 (23.79)

5,858 (23.65)

-

80 to 89 years

5,852 (11.70)

2,994 (12.09)

-

Alcohol (units per week)‡

   

Non-use

16,396 (32.79)

7,628 (30.80)

1 (ref)

1 to 9 u/w

13,362 (26.72)

5,960 (24.06)

1.06 (1.01 to 1.11)

10 to 24 u/w

8,150 (16.30)

5,074 (20.49)

1.56 (1.49 to 1.65)

25 to 42 u/w

2,152 (4.30)

2,053 (8.29)

2.45 (2.27 to 2.63)

more than 42 u/w

633 (1.27)

739 (2.98)

3.00 (2.66 to 3.38)

unknown

9,307 (18.61)

3,314 (13.38)

1.15 (1.08 to 1.23)

BMI (kg/m2)

   

15 to 19

1,588 (3.18)

315 (1.27)

0.66 (0.58 to 0.76)

20 to 24

13,899 (27.80)

4,225 (17.06)

1 (ref)

25 to 29

16,623 (33.25)

9,169 (37.02)

1.62 (1.55 to 1.70)

> = 30

7,412 (14.82)

7,176 (28.97)

2.34 (2.22 to 2.47)

unknown

10,478 (20.96)

3,883 (15.68)

1.48 (1.39 to 1.57)

Number of GP visits

   

0 to 4 visits

22,700 (45.40)

6,785 (27.39)

1 (ref)

5 to 9 visits

13,201 (26.40)

6,692 (27.02)

1.38 (1.32 to 1.44)

10 to 19 visits

10,422 (20.84)

7,400 (29.88)

1.66 (1.58 to 1.74)

> = 20 visits

3,677 (7.35)

3,891 (15.71)

2.13 (1.99 to 2.27)

Chronic renal failure

467 (0.93)

947 (3.82)

2.48 (2.19 to 2.81)

Hypertension

16,280 (32.56)

12,858 (51.91)

1.18 (1.13 to 1.23)

Heart failure

1,422 (2.84)

2,142 (8.65)

1.84 (1.70 to 2.00)

Ischemic heart disease

6,716 (13.43)

4,923 (19.88)

1.19 (1.14 to 1.25)

Hyperlipidemia

   

Hypercholesterolemia†

4,188 (8.38)

3,124 (12.61)

1.08 (1.02 to 1.14)

Hypertrygliceridemia†

218 (0.44)

216 (0.87)

1.45 (1.18 to 1.79)

Other dyslipidemia†

1,849 (3.70)

1,699 (6.86)

1.21 (1.12 to 1.31)

Diabetes

3,885 (7.77)

2,404 (9.71)

0.66 (0.62 to 0.71)

Nephrolithiasis

776 (1.55)

446 (1.80)

1.03 (0.91 to 1.18)

Psoriasis

1,894 (3.79)

1,173(4.74)

1.12 (1.04 to 1.22)

  1. *Odds ratio (OR) adjusted for sex, age, calendar year, number of GP visits, BMI, alcohol consumption, IHD, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, chronic renal failure and use of diuretics.
  2. †Note: The estimate of each variable was calculated by removing hyperlipidemia from the model.
  3. ‡1 unit = 10 ml of pure ethanol (eight grams of alcohol)