|
KS/mAb OA-1
|
Aggrecan
|
Cartilage degradation. Sandwich ELISA using mAb to keratan sulfate and mAb OA-1 to AGase neoepitope ARGSVIL [143]. Detection of fragments in human synovial fluid [143]
|
[143]
|
|
CS846
|
Aggrecan
|
Cartilage turnover. mAb αHFPG-846 (IgM) recognizing chondroitin sulfate moieties on aggrecan. Manufacturer: Ibex, Canada
|
[144, 145]
|
|
342-G2
|
Aggrecan
|
Cartilage degradation. Sandwich ELISA using mAb AF28 binding to the neoepitope 342FFGVG and monoclonal antibody F78 binding to G1/G2 for detection of MMP-generated aggrecan fragments
|
[45]
|
|
G1-G2
|
Aggrecan
|
Cartilage turnover. Sandwich ELISA using mAb F78 binding to G1/G2 both as capture and detector antibody for detection of intact aggrecan and all aggrecan fragments carrying G1 and/or G2
|
[45, 146]
|
|
Serum CRP
|
C-reactive protein
|
General inflammation. CRP, an acute phase protein, the assay for which is highly sensitive to detect small changes in magnitude of inflammation
|
[60, 126, 147–149]
|
|
COMP
|
Cartilage oligomeric protein
|
Cartilage turnover. Competition ELISA using polyclonal antibodies [58]. However, sandwich ELISA based on two monoclonal antibodies recognizing different antigenic determinants is described [150]. Manufacturer: AnaMar Medical, Sweden
|
[60, 61, 151–155]
|
|
PICP
|
Carboxyl terminus propeptide of type I procollagen
|
Bone formation. RIA using polyclonal antibodies raised to fibroblast PICP digested with bacterial collagenase [156]. Manufacturer: Orion Diagnostic, Finland
|
[156]
|
|
PINP
|
Amino terminus propeptide of type I procollagen
|
Bone formation. RIA using polyclonal antibodies recognizing PINP [157]. Manufacturer: Orion Diagnostic, Finland. Electrochemiluminecense using mAbs to PINP. Manufacturer: Roche Diagnostics, Germany
|
[158]
|
|
CTX-I
|
Type I collagen
|
Bone resorption. A sandwich ELISA using mAb F1103 and F12, both binding to a cathepsin K-derived C-telopeptide neoepitope EKAHD-β-GGR, where D-β-G denotes an isomerized linkage between D and G [84]. Manufacturer: IDS, UK. Also available in an automated version (manufacturer: Roche Diagnostics, Germany)
|
[87–89]
|
|
NTX-I
|
Type I collagen
|
Bone resorption. EIA detecting a fragment of the N-telopeptide of type I collagen. Manufacturer: Inverness, US
|
[159]
|
|
ICTP
|
Type I collagen
|
MMP-mediated type I collagen type degradation. RIA detecting a fragment of the C-telopeptide of type I collagen. Manufacturer: Orion Diagnostic, Finland
|
[81, 160]
|
|
PIINP
|
Amino terminus propeptide of type II procollagen
|
Cartilage formation. mAb recognizing the amino acid sequence GPQPAGEQGPRGDR located in the amino-terminal propeptide of type II procollagen [46]
|
[46]
|
|
PIIANP
|
Amino terminus propeptide of type II procollagen, splice variant A
|
Cartilage formation. An ELISA using rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised to recombinant exon-2 of the amino-terminal propeptide of type II procollagen
|
[71]
|
|
CPII
|
C-propeptide of type II collagen
|
Cartilage formation. EIA using rabbit polyclonal antibodies binding to the C-propeptides of type II collagen, that is, a marker of collagen synthesis. Manufacturer: Ibex, Canada
|
[161]
|
|
9A4/5109
|
Type II collagen
|
Cartilage degradation. The collagenase-derived neoepitope GEGAAGPSGAEGPPGPQG775 containing the carboxyl terminus of the long three-quarter fragment. mAb 5109 detects the first underlined sequence, mAb 9A4 the second (neoepitope)
|
[162]
|
|
CTX-II
|
Type II collagen
|
Cartilage degradation. Competition ELISA using mAb F4601 recognizing the C-telopeptide neoepitope EKGPDP (manufacturer: IDS, UK) and mAb 2B4 recognizing the C-telopeptide neoepitope EKGPDP
|
[42, 163]
|
|
uTIINE
|
Type II collagen
|
Cartilage degradation. An LC-MS/MS assay using mAb 5109 (see above) to affinity purify fragments subjected to MS/MS. Detects a collagenase-derived 45-mer containing the carboxyl terminus of the long three-quarter fragment
|
[53, 54]
|
|
HELIX-II
|
Type II collagen
|
Cartilage degradation. A competition ELISA using polyclonal rabbit antibodies recognizing the neoepitope 622ERGETGPP*GTS632, where P* denotes hydroxyproline. However, a recent publication has highlighted unspecificities [164]
|
[164–166]
|
|
C2C
|
Type II collagen fragment
|
Cartilage degradation. EIA using a monoclonal antibody recognizing the carboxyl terminus of the three-quarter piece of the degraded alpha1(II) chain. Manufacturer: Ibex, Canada
|
[167, 168]
|
|
C1,C2
|
Type II collagen fragment
|
Collagen degradation. EIA using rabbit polyclonal antibodies binding to the carboxy-terminal (COL2-3/4C(short)) neoepitope generated by cleavage of native human type II collagen by collagenases. Cross-reactivity to type I collagen
|
[169]
|
|
PIIINP
|
Amino terminus propeptide of type III procollagen
|
Collagen type II formation. RIA using polyclonal antibodies recognizing PIIINP. Manufacturer: Orion Diagnostic, Finland
|
[170]
|
|
Glc-Gal-PYD
|
Glucosyl-galactosyl-pyridinoline
|
Synovial inflammation. HPLC method for determination of the non-reducible collagen cross-linker glucosyl-galactosyl-pyridinium present in synovium and absent in bone cartilage and other soft tissue
|
[171]
|
|
Serum HA
|
Hyaluronic acid
|
Cartilage turnover. Based on HA binding protein isolated from bovine cartilage. Manufacturer: for example, Pharmacia, Sweden
| |
|
YKL-40
|
Human glycoprotein 39
|
Cartilage turnover. RIA using polyclonal antibodies to a 40 kDa glycoprotein. A combined monoclonal capture and polyclonal (rabbit) detector sandwich assay is available. Manufacturer: Quidel Corporation, US
|
[172]
|
|
OC
|
Osteocalcin
|
Bone formation. Numerous assays available
| |
|
MMP-3 and MMPs
|
Varous cell types
|
Numerous assays available
|
[173, 174]
|
|
DKK1/Sclerostin
|
Dkk-1
|
Measurement of Wnt signaling
|
[175, 176]
|
|
TRACP 5a
|
Macrophages
|
Inflammation
|
[111]
|
|
TRACP 5b
|
Osteoclasts
|
Osteoclast number. mAb to TRAcP 5b, which may be specific for osteoclasts but not their activity
|
[74, 111, 177, 178]
|
|
Cat K
|
Osteoclasts
|
Osteoclast number
|
[110]
|
