Table 1 The signature of immunosenescence
From: Giant cell arteritis: immune and vascular aging as disease risk factors
Adaptive immunity |
Decline of naïve T cells |
Enrichment of memory/effector T cells |
Accumulation of CD8+CD28- T cells |
Less pronounced accumulation of CD4+CD28- T cells |
Contraction of diversity in the immune repertoire |
Innate immunity |
Bias of the hematopoietic stem cell towards the myeloid lineage |
Maintained expression of pattern recognition receptors (for example, TLR) |
Dendritic cell trafficking impaired |
Decreased dendritic cell response to TLR stimulation |
Environmental stressors |
Increased infectious load |
Reactivation of persistent infections |