From: The role of epigenetic variation in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus
Gene/pathway | Epigenetic defect | Cell type | Consequence | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
ERK pathway | Defective signaling | Human and murine T cells | Reduced DNMT1 expression and reduced T cell DNA methylation | |
PRF1 | Hypomethylation | CD4+ T cells | Increased perforin expression | |
ITGAL | Hypomethylation | CD4+ T cells | Increased CD11a expression | |
CD40LG | Hypomethylation | CD4+ T cells | B-cell hyperactivation | [36] |
KIR2DL4 (KIR) | Hypomethylation | CD4+ T cells | Increased KIR expression | |
TNFSF7 | Hypomethylation | CD4+ T cells | Increased CD70 expression | |
GADD45A | Overexpression | CD4+ T cells | Decreased DNA methylation | [51] |
Folate biosynthesis | Hypermethylation | CD4+ T cells | Impaired DNA methylation? | [62] |
RUNX3 | Hypermethylation | CD4+ T cells | Impaired T cell proliferation? | [62] |
CD9 | Hypomethylation | CD4+ T cells | Increased T cell activation? | [62] |
MMP9 | Hypomethylation | CD4+ T cells | ? | [62] |
PDGFRA | Hypomethylation | CD4+ T cells | ? | [62] |
SOX5 | Hypomethylation | CD4+ T cells | ? | [62] |
miR-126 | Overexpression | CD4+ T cells | Downregulation of DNMT1 | [79] |
miR-146 | Underexpression | CD4+ T cells; murine T splenocytes | Increased type I IFN | |
miR-17-92 | Overexpression | Murine T splenocytes | Lymphocyte stability | [68] |
miR-155 | Overexpression | CD4+ T cells; CD4+ CD25+ T cells | Reduced Treg cell stability | [90] |
miR-101a | Overexpression | Murine T splenocytes | Reduced EZH2? | [68] |
miR-31 | Overexpression | Regulatory T cells; murine T splenocytes | Repression of FOXP3 | |
miR-21 | Overexpression | CD4+ T cells | Targets ERK pathway leading to lower DNMT1 | [78] |
miR-125a | Underexpression | CD4+ T cells | Targets KLF13 leading to increased RANTES | [67] |
miR-148a | Overexpression | CD4+ T cells | Downregulates DNMT1 | [78] |
RFX1 | Underexpression | CD4+ T cells | Reduced H3K9me3 and DNA methylation |