| All patients n = 208 | Deceased patients n = 42 | Surviving patients n = 166 | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional risk factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age | 47 (35-54) | 57 (48-65) | 45 (31-52) | < 0.0001 |
Male gender | 11% | 14% | 10% | Â |
Smoking | 24% | 26% | 22% | Â |
Hypertension | 34% | 62% | 28% | < 0.0001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 125 (115-140) | 140 (123-148) | 120 (110-140) | 0.001 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 44% | 55% | 41% | Â |
Total cholesterol, (mmol/l) | 5.1 (4.3-6.0) | 5.6 (4.7-6.7) | 5.0 (4.3-5.9) | 0.04 |
Low density lipoprotein mmol/l | 2.9 (2.3-3.6) | 3.3 (2.2-3.9) | 2.8 (2.3-3.6) | Â |
High density lipoprotein, mmol/l | 1.4 (1.1-1.7) | 1.4 (1.1-1.9) | 1.4 (1.1-1.7) | Â |
Triglycerides, mmol/l* | 1.3 (1.0-2.0) | 1.7 (1.2-2.5) | 1.2 (0.9-1.9) | 0.004 |
ApolipoproteinB/ApolipoproteinA*# | 0.5 (0.3-0.6) | 0.5 (0.3-0.8) | 0.5 (0.3-0.6) | Â |
Diabetes | 3% | 10% | 2% | 0.03 |
Established arterial disease | 13% | 40% | 5% | <0.0001 |
SCORE | 3.2% (± 2.8) | 4.4% (± 2.4) | 2.7% (± 2.4) | 0.005 |
Lupus manifestations (ever present)§ |  |  |  |  |
Age at disease onset, years | 30 (22-40) | 35 (25-52) | 28 (21-40) | 0.0002 |
Disease duration, years | 12 (5-20) | 13.5 (6-26) | 12 (5-19) | 0.008 |
Malar rash | 56% | 50% | 58% | Â |
Discoid rash | 20% | 12% | 21% | Â |
Photosensitivity | 71% | 60% | 73% | Â |
Oral ulcers | 28% | 28% | 26% | Â |
Arthritis | 86% | 86% | 86% | Â |
Pleuritis | 40% | 52% | 37% | Â |
Pericarditis | 18% | 17% | 19% | Â |
Nephritis | 35% | 40% | 34% | Â |
Neurological disorder | 15% | 29% | 12% | 0.009 |
Leucopenia | 51% | 37% | 55% | 0.04 |
Thrombocytopenia | 22% | 30% | 20% | Â |
Previous venous occlusion | 11% | 17% | 9% | Â |
SLICC > 1 [25] | 59% | 93% | 50% | < 0.0001 |
SLAM > 6 [24] | 59% | 73% | 55% | 0.03 |
Autoantibodies against (at baseline if not stated otherwise) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Double-stranded DNA | 38% | 43% | 36% | Â |
Double-stranded DNA (ever) | 61% | 64% | 60% | Â |
Cardiolipin IgG low titer | 48% | 50% | 47% | Â |
Cardiolipin IgG medium titer | 18% | 31% | 15% | 0.02 |
Cardiolipin IgM low titer | 16% | 19% | 15% | Â |
Cardiolipin IgM medium titer | 8% | 14% | 6% | Â |
beta2glykoprotein-1# | 22% | 31% | 20% | Â |
Lupus anticoagulant | 23% | 31% | 21% | Â |
Any antiphospholipid low titer¶ | 60% | 62% | 60% |  |
Any antiphospholipid medium titer¶ | 39% | 55% | 36% | 0.03 |
Sjogrens syndrome A | 41% | 21% | 46% | 0.003 |
Sjogrens syndrome B | 22% | 10% | 25% | Â |
Smith | 10% | 7% | 10% | Â |
Ribonucleoprotein | 19% | 21% | 19% | Â |
Medication | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Steroids | 51% | 48% | 62% | Â |
Cyclofosfamid (ever use) | 17% | 26% | 16% | Â |
Azathioprine | 12% | 12% | 12% | Â |
Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine | 27% | 14% | 30% | 0.04 |
Warfarin | 13% | 29% | 10% | 0.001 |
Acetylsalicylic acid | 21% | 33% | 18% | 0.02 |
Statins | 2% | 5% | 1% | 0.05 |
Methotrexate | 4% | 7% | 1% | Â |
Cyclosporine | 3% | 10% | 1% | 0.004 |
Inflammatory markers | Â | Â | Â | Â |
High sensitivity C reactive protein, mg/l* # | 2.2 (0.8-6.2) | 5.1 (2.2-12.1) | 1.8 (0.7-4.5) | 0.0002 |
Fibrinogen, g/l* # | 3.7 (2.9-4.6) | 4.3 (3.5-5.2) | 3.4 (2.9-4.4) | < 0.0001 |
α-1 antitrypsine, g/l # | 1.5 (1.3-1.8) | 1.7 (1.5-2.1) | 1.5 (1.3-1.7) | 0.0001 |
Serum amyloid A, mg/l* # | 5.4 (2.7-12) | 10.5 (5.9-21.6) | 4.7 (2.4-9.6) | Â |
Interleukin-6, ng/l* # | 3.5 (2.1-7.0) | 5.2 (2.9-9.7) | 3.1 (2.0-6.2) | Â |
Complement factor 3, g/l # | 1.0 ( 0.8-1.2) | 1.0 (0.7-1.3) | 1.0 (0.8-1.2) | Â |
Complement factor 3 degradation products, mg/l* # | 11.9 (9.6-14.9) | 13.4 (10.8-16.6) | 11.6 (9.5-14.5) | 0.02 |
Complement factor 4 (g/l)* # | 0.2 (0.1-0.2) | 0.2 (0.1-0.2) | 0.2 (0.1-0.2) | Â |
Endothelial markers | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, ng/l* # | 315 (258-392) | 377 (297-526) | 306 (250-375) | < 0.0001 |
Von Willebrand factor, %*# | 120 (63-175) | 144 (102-231) | 116 (60-164) | 0.003 |
Markers of renal damage | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Creatinine | 82 (73-95) | 91 (75-138) | 81 (73-92) | < 0.0001 |
Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula, ml/min/1.73m2 | 66.6 (54.3-79.1) | 54.6 (36.6-76.9) | 67.7 (59.5-79.9) | 0.0005 |
Cystatin C GFR | 80 (61-107) | 55 (27-83) | 86 (71-114) | < 0.0001 |
Cystatin C, mg/l* | 1.0 (0.8-1.2) | 1.3 (1.0-2.2) | 0.9 (0.8-1.1) | < 0.0001 |
Blod urea nitrogen, mmol/l* # | 5.8 (4.7-7.3) | 7.3 (6.1-13.6) | 5.5 (4.5-6.7) | Â |
Pathologic urine | 24% | 22% | 29% | Â |
Other biomarkers | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Homocysteine, mol/l* # | 12.5 (10.1-16.5) | 14.3 (10.8-20.6) | 12 (10.0-15.3) | 0.002 |