Figure 1
From: IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (B10 cells) in autoimmune disease
Linear differentiation model of B10 cell development in vivo in mice and humans.B10 cells originate from a progenitor population (B10PRO). In mice, B10PROcells are found in the CD1d−CD5− adult blood and lymph nodeB cell subsets and within the CD1d−CD5+ neonatal spleen and adultperitoneal cavity B cell subsets. CD40 stimulation induces B10PRO cells to becomecompetent for IL-10 expression, while lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces B10PRO cells tobecome competent for IL-10 expression and induces B10 cells to produce and secrete IL-10.CD1dhiCD5+ IL-10-competent B10 cells in the adult spleen are induced toexpress IL-10 following stimulation with phorbol esters (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)) andionomycin or LPS plus PMA and ionomycin for 5 hours. Following a transient period of IL-10expression, a small subset of B10 cells can differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells (PC).B10 cells also possibly differentiate into memory B10 cells (B10M). B10 cell developmentin humans appears to follow the differentiation scheme observed in mice. B10 cells and B10PROcells have been identified in human newborn and adult blood. B10+B10PRO cells inadult human blood express CD27 and CD24. Whether human B10 cells further differentiate into PCs orB10M remains to be determined. Solid arrows, known associations; dashed arrows,speculated associations. MHC-II, major histocompatibility complex class II.