Figure 4From: Estradiol promotes the development of a fibrotic phenotype and is increased in the serum of patients with systemic sclerosisEstradiol induces fibronectin production ex vivo in human skin. Estrogen and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) agonist induce fibronectin expression ex vivo. Human skin samples were plated on six-well plates and treated with ethanol (EtOH), 17β-estradiol (E2), estradiol with ICI 182,780 (E2+ICI), propyl-pyrazole-triol (PPT), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and genistein and incubated for 7 days. Immunohistochemistry was performed using anti-fibronectin antibody and visualized with aminoethyl carbazole (red).Back to article page