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Table 1 Alterations in gut microbiota associated with immune-mediated diseases

From: Microbes, the gut and ankylosing spondylitis

Associated microbes

Microbiota changes

References

IBD - Crohn's disease

Reduction in microbial diversity when compared with controls

[95]

Gut microbiome

  

Bacteroides ovatus ↑

  

Bacteroides vulgatus ↑

  

Bacteroides uniformis ↓

  

IBD

Associated with overall community shift and dysbiosis

[96]

Gut microbiome

  

Bacteroidetes ↓

  

Lachnospiraceae ↓

  

Actinobacteria ↑

  

Proteobacteria ↑

  

Clostridium ↓

  

Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio ↓

  

Bifi dobacteria ↓

  

Celiac disease

Overall higher diversity of microbes in patients with celiac disease compared with controls

[97]

Gut microbiome

  

Bacteroides vulgatus ↑

  

Escherichia coli ↓

  

Clostridium coccoides ↓

  

Psoriasis

Overrepresentation of Firmicutes and an underrepresentation of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria when compared with controls

[98, 99]

Skin microbiome

  

Firmicutes ↑

  

Bacteroidetes ↑

  

Actinobacteria ↓

  

Proteobacteria ↓

  

Rheumatoid arthritis

Dysbiosis and increased diversity

[100, 101]

Oral microbiome

  

Porphyromonas gingivalis ↑

  
  1. IBD, inflammatory bowel disease.