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Table 2 Association between sociodemographic, general health and disease-specific variables to functional disabilitya

From: Gout impacts on function and health-related quality of life beyond associated risk factors and medical conditions: results from the KING observational study of the Italian Society for Rheumatology (SIR)

Variable

HAQ-DI

 

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI) b

Adjusted OR (95% CI) c

Sociodemographic

   

Gender (female vs. male)

6.27 (3.37, 11.64)

  

Age (5 years)

1.28 (1.15, 1.44)

  

Education

   

   No or primary

Reference

  

   Secondary

0.48 (0.27, 0.84)

0.66 (0.36, 1.20)

 

   Upper secondary

0.21 (0.10, 0.42)

0.27 (0.13, 0.56)

 

   Tertiary

0.17 (0.05, 0.57)

0.19 (0.05, 0.73)

 

Employment

   

   Employed

Reference

  

   Unemployed

5.85 (2.21, 15.48)

2.49 (0.85, 7.31)

 

   Retired

3.57 (1.81, 7.03)

2.21 (0.92, 5.28)

 

   Unknown

-

-

 

General health variables

   

Comorbidity index

1.22 (1.15, 1.29)

1.16 (1.09, 1.24)

 

Body mass index

   

   Normal

Reference

  

   Overweight

1.82 (0.90, 3.68)

2.44 (1.14, 5.22)

 

   Obese

2.71 (1.28, 5.73)

4.02 (1.78, 9.07)

 

Current smokers

0.99 (0.53, 1.85)

1.37 (0.71, 2.64)

 

High alcohol consumers

0.96 (0.59, 1.54)

1.46 (0.87, 2.45)

 

Gout-related variables

   

Disease duration (>5 years)

1.98 (1.24, 3.14)

2.12 (1.30, 3.46)

2.03 (1.22, 3.40)

Joint involvement

   

   Monoarticular

Reference

  

   Oligoarticular (2 to 4 joints)

1.75 (0.89, 3.45)

1.99 (0.96, 4.09)

1.49 (0.70, 3.16)

   Polyarticular (>4 joints)

3.67 (1.72, 7.82)

4.88 (2.17, 10.97)

3.82 (1.63, 8.95)

Number of attacks last year

1.10 (1.05, 1.17)

1.13 (1.06, 1.20)

1.11 (1.04, 1.18)

Attacks last month

1.89 (1.17, 3.04)

2.33 (1.40, 3.89)

2.20 (1.27, 3.81)

Presence of tophi

2.14 (1.28, 3.59)

2.06 (1.19, 3.56)

1.92 (1.07, 3.43)

Number of swollen joints

1.25 (1.16, 1.35)

1.25 (1.15, 1.35)

1.23 (1.13, 1.33)

Number of tender joints

1.14 (1.10, 1.19)

1.13 (1.08, 1.18)

1.10 (1.06, 1.15)

Serum uric acid

   

   <5 mg/dl

Reference

  

   5 to 6 mg/dl

1.18 (0.57, 2.42)

1.25 (0.58, 2.69)

1.24 (0.56, 2.74)

   6 to 7 mg/dl

0.94 (0.42, 2.10)

1.20 (0.51, 2.79)

0.83 (0.34, 2.06)

   >7 mg/dl

1.72 (0.89, 3.32)

2.49 (1.22, 5.06)

1.81 (0.87, 3.74)

Urate-lowering treatment

1.02 (0.57, 1.81)

1.11 (0.59, 2.09)

1.06 (0.55, 2.03)

Current NSAIDs or colchicine

3.17 (1.89, 5.33)

3.24 (1.87, 5.61)

2.57 (1.40, 4.72)

Previous corticosteroids

1.87 (1.15, 3.05)

1.76 (1.04, 2.97)

1.64 (0.93, 2.89)

  1. NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. aAssessed by the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI). bAdjusted for age and gender. cAdjusted for age, gender, comorbidities, body mass index, smoking, high alcohol consumption, education and employment (on 10 imputed datasets).
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