Table 2 The in vitro and in vivo influence of growth factors present in platelet-rich plasma
Growth factor | Dose | Species | Target cell type/tissue/animal model | Cellular scaffold | Outcome | Study | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In vitro | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
PDGF | 100 ng/ml | Human | Annulus fibrosus cells | None | Significant reduction in the percentage of apoptotic cells | Gruber et al.[30] | 1997 |
| Â | 1-20 ng/ml | Bovine | Coccygeal nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus cells | None | Improved proliferation | Pratsinis and Kletsas [35] | 2007 |
IGF1 | 20 ng/ml | Mature canine | Intervertebral disc tissues | None | Increased matrix synthesis and cell proliferation | Thompson et al.[32] | 1991 |
| Â | 1-1,000 ng/ml | Bovine | Nucleus pulposus cells | None | Increased proteoglycan synthesis | Osada et al.[29] | 1996 |
| Â | 20-500 ng/ml | Human | Annulus fibrosus cells | None | Significant reduction in the percentage of apoptotic cells | Gruber et al.[34] | 2000 |
| Â | 5-200 ng/ml | Bovine | Coccygeal nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus cells | None | Improved proliferation | Pratsinis and Kletsas [35] | 2007 |
| Â | 5 ng/ml | E19 rat | Annulus fibrosus cells | None | Upregulation of extracellular matrix | Hayes et al.[33] | 2011 |
TGF-β1 | 1 ng/ml | Mature canine | Intervertebral disc tissues | None | Increased matrix synthesis and cell proliferation | Thompson et al.[32] | 1991 |
| Â | 5 ng/ml | E19 rat | Annulus fibrosus cells | None | Pushed cells towards a fibrocartilaginous phenotype | Hayes and Ralphs [33] | 2011 |
| Â | 10 ng/ml | Rabbit | Nucleus pulposus cells | Atelocollagen | Robust refurbishment of matrix | Lee et al.[31] | 2012 |
VEGF | Not mentioned | Vegfr-1lacZ/+ and Vegfr-2lacZ/+ mouse | Nucleus pulposus cells | None | Promotion of nucleus pulposus survival | Fujita et al.[36] | 2008 |
bFGF | 300 ng/ml | Mature canine | Intervertebral disc tissues | None | Increased matrix synthesis and cell proliferation | Thompson et al.[32] | 1991 |
| Â | 0.1-20 ng/ml | Bovine | Coccygeal nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus cells | None | Enhanced proliferation | Pratsinis and Kletsas [35] | 2007 |
EGF | 1 ng/ml | Mature canine | Intervertebral disc tissues | None | Enhanced proliferation | Thompson et al.[32] | 1991 |
CTGF | Not mentioned | Rhesus monkey | Lumbar intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus cells | None | Enhanced synthesis of proteoglycan and collagen II | Liu et al.[37] | 2010 |
In vivo | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
IGF1 | 8 ng/8 ul/disc | Male Swiss Webster mouse | Caudal disc compression model | None | An upward trend of cell density, but not statistically significant (single injection); a trend of increased disc height, but also not statistically significant (multiple injections) | Walsh et al.[38] | 2004 |
TGF-β1 | 1.6 ng/8 μl/disc | Male Swiss Webster mouse | Caudal disc compression model | None | A greater percentage of proliferating cells, but not statistically significant (single injection); increased population of anular fibrochondrocytes (multiple injections) | Walsh et al.[38] | 2004 |
bFGF | 8 ng/8 μl/disc | Male Swiss Webster mouse | Caudal disc compression model | None | An upward trend of cell density, but not statistically significant (single injection) | Walsh et al.[38] | 2004 |