10% thrombin solution (vol/vol, 1,000 U/ml in 100 mmol/l CaCl2)
|
SYMPHONY 2 Platelet Concentration System (DePuy Spine, Raynham, MA, USA)
|
Alginate beads
|
None
|
Increased accumulation of glycosaminoglycan; upregulated mRNA expression of Sox9, type II collagen, and aggrecan
|
Akeda et al.[52]
|
2006
|
Bovine thrombin (100 IU bovine thrombin/150 ml PRP)
|
MSC blood cell separation system (Haemonetics Corp., Braintree, MA, USA)
|
None
|
None
|
Induction of human nucleus pulposus proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation
|
Chen et al.[50]
|
2006
|
Not stated
|
Two centrifugation techniques
|
None
|
Gelatin hydrogel microspheres
|
Less severe histological grading scale and increased proteoglycan production
|
Nagae et al.[53]
|
2007
|
Bovine thrombin (100 IU bovine thrombin/150 ml PRP)
|
MSC blood cell separation system (Haemonetics Corp.)
|
None
|
None
|
Significantly increased levels of mRNAs involved in chondrogenesis and matrix accumulation; increased disc height index
|
Chen et al.[51]
|
2009
|
Not stated
|
Two centrifugation techniques
|
None
|
Gelatin hydrogel microspheres
|
Increased mRNA expression of proteoglycan core protein and type II collagen; maintained disc height and signal intensity on MRI
|
Sawamura et al.[54]
|
2009
|
Not stated
|
Not stated
|
None
|
None
|
Higher fluid content on MRI, reversed or modified disc height
|
Gullung et al.[46]
|
2011
|
Autologous serum and 2% CaCl2
|
Two centrifugation techniques
|
None
|
None
|
Restored disc height and stimulated MRI T2 value
|
Obata et al.[47, 48]
|
2010, 2012
|
10% thrombin solution (vol/vol, 1,000 U/ml in 90 mmol/l CaCl2)
|
Two centrifugation techniques
|
None
|
None
|
Increased production of extracellular matrix and maintained MRI signal intensity
|
Hu et al.[49]
|
2012
|