Patients’ preferences for osteoporosis drug treatment: a discrete-choice experiment

Table 3 Results from the panel mixed logit model

Attributes and levels	Estimate (95% confidence interval)	P value	Standard deviation
Constant	0.90*** (0.62 to 1.17)	0.00	–
Efficacy (1% risk reduction)	0.07*** (0.05 to 0.08)^a	0.00	1.19*** (1.06 to 1.30)
Cost per month (€1)	-0.05*** (–0.04 to –0.06)^a	0.00	1.24*** (1.09 to 1.39)
Drug administration (reference level: weekly oral tablet)
Monthly oral tablet	0.69*** (0.36 to 1.03)	0.00	0.92*** (0.65 to 1.19)
Subcutaneous injection 3-monthly	0.16 (–0.09 to 0.42)	0.21	NS^b
Subcutaneous injection 6-monthly	0.75*** (0.44 to 1.07)	0.00	NS
Intravenous injection 3-monthly	-0.57** (–1.12 to –0.01)	0.05	2.62*** (2.04 to 3.20)
Intravenous injection yearly	0.28 (–0.12 to 0.68)	0.17	1.56*** (1.17 to 1.94)
Side-effects (reference level: gastrointestinal disorders)
Flu-like symptoms	0.97*** (0.76 to 1.18)	0.00	0.90*** (0.65 to 1.15)
Skin reactions	0.63*** (0.41 to 0.85)	0.00	1.04*** (0.81 to 1.26)

Number of observations 3,822 (257 respondents × 15 choices, minus 33 missing values).
Pseudo-R² = 0.42; log-likelihood = –2,456.03; Akaike information criterion = 1.29.
^aFor the coefficients of efficacy and cost to you, exp(β) is shown. The standard deviation of the log-normal distribution is reported. ^bNot significant and not included in the final model. **P < 0.05. ***P < 0.01.

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