Interaction of the endocrine system with inflammation: a function of energy and volume regulation

Table 1 Summary of energy storage and energy expenditure hormones

	Fat tissue	Muscle	Liver	Bone	Kidneys
Energy storage hormones
Insulin	Uptake^a	Uptake^a	Uptake^a
Insulin-like growth factor-1^b	Growth	Growth	Uptake^a	Growth
Androgens^b		Growth		Growth
Estrogens^b	Gynoid fat distribution	Glucose uptake^a		Growth
Vitamin D		Growth		Growth	Calcium/phosphorus retention
Osteocalcin^b,c		Glucose uptake^a	Glucose uptake^a	Growth
Vagus nerve	Uptake^a		Uptake^a
Energy expenditure hormones
Cortisol^d	Release^a	Release^a	Release^a	Release^a	Water/sodium retention
Sympathetic nervous system (noradrenaline/adrenaline)^d	Release^a	Release^a	Release^a	Release^a	Water/sodium retention
Growth hormone^d	Release^a	Release^a	Release^a	Growth via IGF-1	Water/sodium retention
Thyroid hormones (T3)^d	Release^a	Release^a	Release^a	Release^a	Water/sodium retention
RAAS^d			Release^a	Release^a	Water/sodium retention

^aUptake/release of energy-rich fuels into/from respective tissue; ^bincrease of insulin sensitivity; ^csupport of androgens; ^ddecrease of insulin sensitivity (induction of insulin resistance). IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; T3, tri-iodothyronine.

ISSN: 1478-6362