Table 1 Summary of in vitro effects of platelet-rich plasma on chondrocytes

Porcine chondrocytes

10% PRP releasate after thrombin and CaCl₂ activation

Increased cell proliferation, proteoglycan and Col II synthesis

[29]

Human osteoarthritic chondrocytes

Bovine fibrin + L-PRF releasate on two-dimensional surface and in three-dimensional scaffold

Increased cell proliferation and Col II and aggrecan mRNA expression and GAG and proteoglycan accumulation

[30]

Human osteoarthritic chondrocytes

5% PRP releasate obtained by two cycles of freezing and thawing

Increased cell proliferation, proteoglycan synthesis, Sox-9 and aggrecan mRNA expression and proteins associated with chondrocyte differentiation

[31]

Bovine chondrocytes

Platelet supernatant

Stimulated proliferation, but failed to induce deposition of typical cartilaginous ECM

[32]

Human chondrocytes

1% or 10% platelet supernatant (leukocyte-filtered)

Accelerated cell expansion, but reduced Col II mRNA expression and induced chondrocytes towards a fibroblast-like phenotype

[33]

Sheep chondrocytes

Double-spun PRP activated by CaCl₂

Stimulated cell proliferation, but reduced Col II mRNA expression

[34]

Rabbit chondrocytes

Hydrogel + chondrocytes with double-spun PRP

Enhanced chondrogenic differentiation and maturation with up-regulation of CB1 and CB2

[36, 37]

Human osteoarthritis chondrocytes

Gelatin microcarriers + biological glues (whole blood, PPP, PRP, or commercial fibrin glue)

No difference in ECM production between any two of these groups

[38]

Human osteoarthritic chondrocytes

10% L-PRP releasate after CaCl₂ activation

Decreased IL-1β-induced inflammatory effects and inhibited NF-κB activation

[39]

Immortalized human chondrocytes

PRP releasate activated by CaCl₂

Decreased COX-2 expression and inhibited NF-κB activation via HGF and TNF-α

[40]