Table 2 Classical signs of insulin resistance until 1995 [5, 28, 121, 122].
Structure, organ | Observed change |
|---|---|
Insulin receptor | Inhibited |
Insulin receptor signaling cascade | Inhibited |
Muscle | Â |
   Glycogen synthase | Inhibited |
   Hexokinase II | Inhibited |
   Pyruvate dehydrogenase | Inhibited |
Liver | Â |
   Hepatic glucose production (gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis) | Stimulated |
   Insulin clearance | Stimulated |
Adipose tissue | Â |
   Free fatty acid mobilization | Stimulated |
Signs in circulating blood | Â |
   Hyperglycemia | Yes |
   Hyperlipidemiaa | Yes |
   Glucagon | Increased |