Insulin resistance, selfish brain, and selfish immune system: an evolutionarily positively selected program used in chronic inflammatory diseases

Table 3 Methods to measure insulin resistance.

Technique	Notes	Reference
Reference methods
Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp	Gold standard, highly invasive	[114]
Frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test	Silver standard, invasive	[132]
Oral glucose tolerance test
Insulin sensitivity glycemic index = 1 + 2/INSp × GLYp)	Most commonly used, little invasive	[133]
Whole body insulin sensitivity	Little invasive	[133]
Muscle IS = (Δglucose/Δtime)/mean plasma insulin^a	Little invasive	[134]
Hepatic IS = glucose_{0-30 minutes}[AUC] × insulin_{0-30 minutes}[AUC]^b	Little invasive	[134]
Fasting simple indices
Homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)	Non-invasive	[133]
Newer version of the HOMA-IR (HOMA2-S)	Non-invasive	[133]
FGIR = fasting glucose (mg/dl)/fasting insulin (mU/l)	Non-invasive	[133]
Quicki = 1/(log fasting insulin (mU/l) + log fasting glucose (mg/dl))	Non-invasive	[133]
Biochemical markers of insulin resistance
Sex hormone binding globulin	Non-invasive	[133]
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1	Non-invasive	[133]
Other markers: YKL-40, alpha-hydroxybutyrate, soluble CD36, leptin, resistin, interleukin-18, retinol binding protein-4, and chemerin	Non-invasive	[135]

AUC, area under the curve; GLYp, area under glucose curve; INSp, area under the insulin curve; IS, insulin sensitivity. ^aThe rate of decay of plasma glucose concentration from its peak value to its nadir (Δglucose/Δtime) during the oral glucose tolerance test. ^bThe product of the total AUC for glucose and insulin during the first 30 minutes of the oral glucose tolerance test.

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