| Effect* |
---|
 |  |  | Cartilage |  |
---|
Gene | Edema | synovitis | synthesis | Breakdown |
---|
TNF | + | ++ | - - | ++ |
TGF- β 1†| +++ | + | ± | ++ |
IGF-1 | 0 | 0 | ++ | 0 |
BMP-2 | 0 | 0 | ++ | 0 |
iNOS‡ | 0 | + | 0 | 0 |
- *Effects are graded on a scale from 0 = no effect to+++ = large stimulatory effect to - - - = large inhibitory effect.†Delivery of the TGF-β 1 gene was associated with theintrasynovial formation of cartilage. Delivery of the iNOS gene was associatedwith neovascularization of synovium. TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TGF,transforming growth factor; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; BMP, bonemorphogenetic protein; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase.