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Table 1 Sources of multipotential adult mesenchymal stem cells

From: Adult mesenchymal stem cells and cell-based tissue engineering

Source tissue

Multilineage differentiation potential

Representative references

Bone marrow

Adipocyte

[26, 143]

 

Astrocyte, neuron

[12, 137]

 

Cardiomyocyte

[14, 15, 131–133]

 

Chondrocyte

[26, 46, 76, 79]

 

Hepatocyte

[6, 7, 144]

 

Mesangial cell

[13]

 

Muscle

[10, 35]

 

Neuron

[11, 12]

 

Osteoblast

[26, 33, 43, 145–147]

 

Stromal cell

[148]

 

Various embryonic tissue lineages

[139]

Muscle

Adipocyte, myotubes, osteocyte

[138]

 

Endothelial cell, neuron

[20, 149]

 

Chondrocyte

[112]

 

Osteocyte

[20]

Trabecular bone

Adipocyte, chondrocyte, osteoblast

[27–29]

Dermis

Adipocyte, chondrocyte, muscle, osteoblast

[21]

Adipose tissue

Chondrocyte, muscle, osteoblast

[16]

 

Stromal cell

[150]

Periosteum

Chondrocyte, osteoblast

[17, 18]

Pericyte

Chondrocyte

[22]

 

Osteoblast

[23, 24]

Blood

Adipocyte, fibroblast, osteoblast, osteoclast

[25]

Synovial membrane

Adipocyte, chondrocyte, muscle, osteoblast

[18]