Figure 4

Cytometric analysis of intracellular cytokine expression. (a) Cells can be analyzed after short-term activation ex vivo (5–10 h). (b) Specifically activated T cells are able to react with upregulation of the early activation marker CD69 and effector functions (eg cytokine expression). The cytometric analysis has to be performed on fixed cells with permeabilized cell membranes to allow the staining antibodies to enter the cell.