From: Immune checkpoint receptors in regulating immune reactivity in rheumatic disease
Molecule | Expression | Ligand/receptor | Function |
---|---|---|---|
DR3 | Lymphocytes | Tumor necrosis factor-like cytokine 1A (TL1A) expressed on APCs [4] | Delivers a co-inhibitory signal, induces cell survival, prevents apoptosis [4],[5] |
4-1BB/CD137 | Activated T cells, Tregs, DCs and B cells | 4-1BB ligand on DCs and B cells [6] | 4-1BB induces CD8+ T-cell, NK T-cell and B-cell survival [6] |
 |  |  | Signaling back via 4-1BB ligand induces monocyte activation [6] |
OX40/CD134 | Activated T cells | OX40 ligand/CD252 on B cells, endothelial cells, DCs and macrophages | OX40 increases CD4+ T-cell survival/effector function [6] |
 |  |  | OX40 impacts immunoregulation by reducing interleukin-10 production by Tr1 and CD4+ Tregs [6] |
CD27 | Naïve T-cells, memory B cells, NK T cells, NK cells [6] | CD70 on activated lymphocytes and DCs | CD27-CD70 signaling on B cells propagates germinal center formation and plasma cell activities |
 |  |  | Signaling on T cells results in proliferation and cytokine production [6] |
CD40 | B cells | CD154/CD40 ligand on T cells, T follicular helper cells, endothelial and epithelial cells, B cells or APCs [7] | CD154+ T cells permit germinal center formation |
 |  |  | Signaling via CD40 on B cells induces B-cell differentiation, isotype switching and proliferation [7] |
 |  |  | Signaling via CD40 on APCs, increases CD80 and CD86 expression [7] |