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Table 3 Sensory and sympathetic receptors and neurotransmitters expressed in cells and tissues of diathrodial joints

From: The role of peripheral nerve fibers and their neurotransmitters in cartilage and bone physiology and pathophysiology

Receptors and tissue (cells)

Neurotransmitters and tissue (cells)

NK1R

Substance P

Chondrocytes of articular cartilage

Chondrocytes of articular cartilage

Chondrocytes of costal cartilage

Chondrocytes of costal cartilage

Proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocytes of the growth plate

Proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocytes of the growth plate

Chondrocytes of OA cartilage

Chondrocytes of OA cartilage

Chondrocytes from fracture callus

Chondrocytes from fracture callus

Osteoblasts

 

Osteoclasts and precursors (bone marrow-derived macrophages)

 

BMSCs

BMSCs

Synovial fibroblasts

Synovial fibroblasts

 

Synovial fluid

CL receptor/RAMP

Calcitonin gene-related peptide

Osteoblasts

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

 

BMSCs

BMSCs

 

Synovial fluid

β-Adrenoceptors

Tyrosine-hydroxylase (rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine synthesis)

Chondrocytes of articular cartilage (β2-AR)

Chondrocytes of the cartilage deep zone

Chondrocytes of costal cartilage (β2-AR)

Costal chondrocytes

Chondrocytes of growth plates (all zones) (β2-AR)

Hypertrophic chondrocytes of the growth plate

Chondrocytes of OA cartilage (β2-AR)

 

Chondrogenic progenitor cells from OA cartilage (β2-AR, in vitro)

 

Osteoblasts (β2-AR)

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts and precursors (bone marrow-derived macrophages)

Osteoclasts

BMSCs (β2/β3-AR)

Proliferating and chondrogenic/differentiating BMSCs in vitro

Synovial cells

Synovial cells during RA pathogenesis

 

Synovial fluid

α1-Adrenoceptors

 

Chondrocytes of OA articular cartilage

 

Chondrocytes in fracture callus

 

Mesenchymal cells in fracture callus

 

α2-Adrenoceptors

 

Chondrocytes of articular cartilage

 

Chondrocytes of the growth plate (different zones)

 

Chondrocytes of fracture callus

 

Mesenchymal cells of fracture callus

 

Osteoblasts

 

Osteoclasts and precursors (bone marrow-derived macrophages)

 

Synovial cells

 

VIP receptors

VIP

Osteoclasts (VIP-1/-2) and PACAP

Synovial fluid

Osteoblasts (VIP-1/-2)

OA cartilage (?)

Bone marrow-derived macrophages (PACAP)

 

Synovial cells (VIP-1/-2)

 
  1. AR, adrenoceptor; BMSC, bone marrow-derived stem cell; CL, calcitonin gene-related peptide; NK1R, neurokinin 1 receptor; OA, osteoarthritis; PACAP, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RAMP, receptor activity-modifying protein; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide.