Amitriptyline | Pregabalin | Duloxetine | Pregabalin | Gabapentin | Pregabalin | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients | 8,269 | 8,269 | 9,941 | 9,941 | 18,613 | 18,613 | |
Demographics | |||||||
Age (yr) | 47.7 ± 12.4 | 47.7 ± 11.7 | 48.3 ± 11.6 | 48.2 ± 11.4 | 50.0 ± 12.6 | 50.0 ± 11.8 | |
Female | 79.6 | 79.8 | 82.0 | 82.0 | 77.3 | 77.6 | |
Comorbidities | |||||||
Back pain | 52.4 | 52.5 | 55.3 | 55.7 | 63.2 | 63.3 | |
Headache | 26.0 | 26.3 | 22.2 | 22.6 | 21.6 | 21.7 | |
Depression | 10.6 | 10.5 | 16.3 | 16.7 | 12.0 | 12.1 | |
Anxiety | 12.6 | 12.7 | 15.9 | 16.6 | 13.0 | 13.0 | |
Abdominal pain | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.6 | |
Neuropathic pain | 25.4* | 33.4* | 30.4* | 36.1* | 41.6* | 40.5* | |
Sleep disorder | 16.7 | 16.2 | 18.3 | 18.4 | 16.5 | 16.5 | |
Diabetes | 11.5 | 11.3 | 12.7 | 12.8 | 15.9 | 15.8 | |
Hypertension | 29.8 | 30.0 | 31.6 | 31.2 | 35.7 | 35.7 | |
Cardiovascular disease | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 2.9 | |
Stroke | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 3.8 | |
Inflammatory arthritis | 10.8 | 10.7 | 12.9 | 13.2 | 13.6 | 13.9 | |
Malignancy | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 5.9 | 5.8 | |
Comorbidity index scoreb | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 1.0 | 0.7 ± 1.2 | 0.7 ± 1.2 | |
Medications | |||||||
Opioids | 55.3 | 56.1 | 59.8 | 59.5 | 68.2 | 68.5 | |
TCAsc | 10.9 | 10.4 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 4.7 | |
SSRIs | 18.4 | 17.7 | 22.1 | 22.6 | 21.4 | 21.6 | |
SNRIsd | 5.4 | 5.7 | 17.8 | 17.1 | 8.6 | 8.7 | |
Anticonvulsantse | 12.5 | 11.8 | 17.5 | 17.3 | 39.0 | 39.0 | |
Other antidepressants | 11.4 | 11.7 | 17.1 | 17.3 | 15.4 | 15.6 | |
BZDs | 29.9 | 29.7 | 36.5 | 36.6 | 35.2 | 35.2 | |
Sleeping disorder drugsf | 19.9 | 20.2 | 23.3 | 22.6 | 21.3 | 21.9 | |
Migraine drugs | 8.3 | 8.7 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 6.9 | 6.9 | |
Muscle relaxants | 31.1 | 31.6 | 33.2 | 33.2 | 39.3 | 39.6 | |
Topical analgesics | 3.5 | 3.6 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 6.7 | 6.8 | |
Oral steroids | 26.5 | 26.2 | 26.3 | 26.3 | 31.0 | 31.3 | |
NSAIDs | 33.6 | 33.4 | 35.0 | 34.9 | 40.4 | 40.8 | |
GI protective drugs | 21.9 | 21.9 | 22.6 | 22.5 | 25.2 | 25.4 | |
Health care utilizationg | |||||||
Outpatient visits, n | 7.4 ± 6.9* | 7.7 ± 7.3 | 8.3 ± 7.5 | 8.2 ± 8.2 | 8.8 ± 8.4* | 8.6 ± 8.1 | |
PCP visits, n | 3.6 ± 3.6 | 3.5 ± 3.5 | 3.8 ± 3.5 | 3.7 ± 3.7 | 3.9 ± 4.2* | 3.8 ± 3.7 | |
Specialist visits, n | 5.9 ± 7.3* | 6.4 ± 8.0 | 6.5 ± 7.9* | 6.8 ± 9.4 | 7.6 ± 8.8 | 7.7 ± 9.5 | |
Prescription drugs, n | 7.9 ± 5.4 | 8.0 ± 5.2 | 8.6 ± 5.4 | 8.6 ± 5.4 | 9.4 ± 5.7* | 9.2 ± 5.6 | |
Acute hospitalizations, n | 9.8* | 10.9 | 9.9* | 11.2 | 14.2* | 13.3 | |
ED visits, n | 11.8* | 10.5 | 9.9 | 10.3 | 12.4* | 10.9 |