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Table 4 Adjusted effect of amitriptyline, duloxetine, and gabapentin, compared to pregabalin, on health care utilization during the follow-up period a

From: Patterns of health care utilization related to initiation of amitriptyline, duloxetine, gabapentin, or pregabalin in fibromyalgia

Health care utilization

Amitriptyline, RR (95% CI) b

Duloxetine, RR (95% CI) b

Gabapentin, RR (95% CI) b

Outpatient visitsc

0.91 (0.84 to 0.99)*

0.94 (0.88 to 1.00)*

0.94 (0.88 to 1.00)*

PCP visitsc

0.99 (0.90 to 1.09)

0.92 (0.85 to 0.98)*

0.92 (0.85 to 0.98)*

Any specialist visitsc

0.85 (0.77 to 0.95)*

0.89 (0.82 to 0.97)*

0.89 (0.82 to 0.97)*

Prescription drugsc

0.97 (0.91 to 1.03)

0.94 (0.90 to 0.98)*

0.94 (0.90 to 0.98)*

Acute hospitalizationd

0.70 (0.62 to 0.80)*

0.75 (0.68 to 0.83)*

0.95 (0.89 to 1.01)

ED visitsc

0.94 (0.86 to 1.03)

0.85 (0.79 to 0.91)*

1.05 (1.00 to 1.10)

Physical therapyd

0.92 (0.80 to 1.06)

0.81 (0.71 to 0.92)*

1.12 (1.03 to 1.21)

  1. aCI, Confidence interval; ED, Emergency department; PCP, Primary care physician; RR, Rate ratio. bPregabalin was used as the reference group. cMultivariable Poisson regression was used. dMultivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used. *Statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). All rate ratios were adjusted for neuropathic pain and the number of outpatient visits, PCP visits, any specialist visits, prescription drugs, acute hospitalizations, and ED visits at baseline.