Table 5 Adjusted effect of amitriptyline, duloxetine, and gabapentin, compared to pregabalin, on health care utilization in patients with treatment duration of at least 180 days ^a

Outpatient visits^c

0.91 (0.84 to 0.99)*

0.94 (0.88 to 1.00)*

0.94 (0.88 to 1.00)*

PCP visits^c

0.99 (0.90 to 1.09)

0.92 (0.85 to 0.98)*

0.92 (0.85 to 0.98)*

Any specialist visits^c

0.85 (0.77 to 0.95)*

0.89 (0.82 to 0.97)*

0.89 (0.82 to 0.97)*

Prescription drugs^c

0.97 (0.91 to 1.03)

0.94 (0.90 to 0.98)*

0.94 (0.90 to 0.98)*

Acute hospitalization^d

0.63 (0.41 to 0.95)*

0.76 (0.57 to 1.01)

0.73 (0.59 to 0.90)*

ED visits^c

1.07 (0.84 to 1.37)

1.00 (0.83 to 1.19)

1.03 (0.90 to 1.17)

Physical therapy^d

0.76 (0.55 to 1.06)

0.85 (0.67 to 1.09)

0.99 (0.82 to 1.19)