Racial disparities in total ankle arthroplasty utilization and outcomes

Table 3 Time trends in total ankle arthroplasty utilization rates per 100,000 by race and gender

	White males	Black males	White females	Black females	P value
1998	0.11	0.07	0.17	0.06	<0.0001
1999	0.36	0.09	0.27	0	N/A
2000	0.29	0	0.29	0.13	N/A
2001	0.49	0	0.56	0.03	N/A
2002	0.28	0.06	0.41	0.20	<0.0001
2003	0.25	0.11	0.39	0.05	<0.0001
2004	0.34	0.03	0.45	0.10	<0.0001
2005	0.22	0.03	0.28	0.10	<0.0001
2006	0.16	0.11	0.19	0	N/A
2007	0.22	0.04	0.29	0.06	<0.0001
2008	0.42	0.05	0.53	0.14	<0.0001
2009	0.57	0.19	0.59	0.16	<0.0001
2010	0.84	0.05	0.97	0.12	<0.0001
2011	1.13	0.25	1.22	0.41	<0.0001

N/A, not applicable since a frequency of 0 for at least one category did not allow calculation of a P value; a frequency of 0 indicates that no TAA procedure was performed in that group in that calendar year. Cochran Armitage trend test for time trend from 1998 to 2011: White males, P <0.0001; Black males, P = 0.0031; White females, P <0.0001; and Black females, P <0.0001. The p-value in the table indicates the difference between the groups.

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