Table 5 Potential contributors for the relationship between total body bone mineral density (BMD) and carotid measurements in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients
Variable | Carotid intima-media thickness mean upper tertile, odds ratio (95% CI) | P -value | Bilateral plaque, odds ratio (95% CI) | P -value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional factors | ||||
Age, per 10-year increase | 2.29 (1.73, 2.89) | <0.001 | 1.68 (1.23, 2.14) | 0.003 |
Female | 1.86 (0.46, 7.64) | 0.387 | 1.90 (0.41, 8.87) | 0.412 |
Body mass index, per 1-kg/m2 increase | 1.18 (1.06, 1.32) | 0.002 | 1.10 (0.99, 1.23) | 0.070 |
Ever smoking, versus never | 3.11 (1.29, 7.48) | 0.011 | 2.99 (1.13, 7.93) | 0.027 |
Blood pressure systolic, per 10-mmHg increase | 1.43 (1.18, 1.68) | 0.001 | 1.24 (1.01, 1.47) | 0.040 |
Blood pressure diastolic, per 10-mmHg increase | 1.18 (0.83, 1.54) | 0.312 | 0.96 (0.61, 1.33) | 0.847 |
Cholesterol total | 1.26 (0.88, 1.80) | 0.205 | 1.52 (1.03, 2.23) | 0.036 |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol | 1.42 (0.89, 2.26) | 0.137 | 2.29 (1.32, 3.99) | 0.003 |
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol | 0.61 (0.26, 1.43) | 0.254 | 0.21 (0.07, 0.66) | 0.007 |
Low-density/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol | 1.40 (0.86, 2.27) | 0.171 | 3.37 (1.77, 6.42) | <0.001 |
Triglycerides | 2.26 (1.12, 4.57) | 0.023 | 3.14 (1.46, 6.73) | 0.003 |
Diabetes mellitus | - | 0.999 | 6.56 (1.11, 38.65) | 0.038 |
History of cardiovascular disease | 1.49 (0.48, 4.63) | 0.493 | 7.44 (2.20, 25.15) | <0.001 |
Disease factors | ||||
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, per 10 mg/l increase | 1.30 (0.61, 2.04) | 0.404 | 0.97 (0.90, 1.51) | 0.475 |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, per 10 mm/h increase | 1.02 (0.78, 1.27) | 0.874 | 1.17 (0.91, 1.43) | 0.206 |
Low C3 < 0.67 g/l | 7.25 (0.86, 60.83) | 0.068 | 1.85 (0.36, 9.41) | 0.461 |
Low C4 < 0.13 g/l | 3.04 (1.14, 8.08) | 0.026 | 4.03 (1.25, 13.04) | 0.020 |
Low C1q <70 mg/l | 1.04 (0.36, 2.99) | 0.941 | 0.98 (0.31, 3.12) | 0.973 |
Glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 1.50 (0.54, 4.12) | 0.437 | 2.77 (1.04, 7.42) | 0.042 |
Disease duration since diagnosis, years, per 10-year increase | 1.08 (0.66, 1.52) | 0.712 | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) | 0.869 |
History of lupus nephritis | 1.02 (0.44, 2.39) | 0.963 | 2.47 (1.01, 6.02) | 0.047 |
SLE disease activity index | 0.95 (0.87, 1.05) | 0.319 | 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) | 0.825 |
Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics | 1.11 (0.91, 1.34) | 0.316 | 1.34 (1.08, 1.66) | 0.007 |
Ever use of antimalarial drugs | 0.30 (0.10, 0.92) | 0.036 | 0.89 (0.27, 2.91) | 0.850 |
Ever use of glucocorticoids | 2.15 (0.53, 8.76) | 0.287 | 1.25 (0.34, 4.63) | 0.741 |
Total duration of glucocorticoid use, per 10-month increase | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 0.663 | 1.00 (0.96, 1.06) | 0.682 |
Total cumulative glucocorticoid dose, per 10-g increase | 1.05 (0.83, 1.27) | 0.688 | 1.12 (0.90, 1.35) | 0.274 |
Average daily dose of glucocorticoid | 1.03 (0.91, 1.16) | 0.694 | 1.06 (0.93, 1.20) | 0.420 |
Last year cumulative dose of glucocorticoid | 0.89 (0.70, 1.13) | 0.336 | 0.81 (0.61, 1.08) | 0.148 |
Last year average daily dose of glucocorticoid | 0.96 (0.88, 1.05) | 0.336 | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) | 0.148 |